Reciprocity Across Modes of Supply in the World Trade Organization : A Negotiating Formula

Negotiations on trade in services at the World Trade Organization (WTO) have so far produced little liberalization beyond levels countries have undertaken unilaterally. One reason: limited application of the traditional negotiating principle of rec...

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Main Authors:	Mattoo, Aaditya, Olarreaga, Marcelo
Format:	Policy Research Working Paper
Language:	English en_US
Published:	World Bank, Washington, DC 2014
Subjects:	AGRICULTURE BALANCE OF CONCESSIONS BILATERAL TRADE BORDER TRADE CAPITAL MARKET CARBON CARBON DIOXIDE CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS CENTRAL BANKS COMMERCIAL PRESENCE COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE COMPETITIVENESS CONCESSIONS CONSUMERS CROSS-BORDER DELIVERY CROSS-BORDER EXPORTS CROSS-BORDER TRADE CURRENT ACCOUNT CURRENT ACCOUNT BALANCE DEVELOPED COUNTRIES DEVELOPMENT DOMESTIC FIRMS DOMESTIC REFORM ECONOMIC THEORY ECONOMISTS ELASTICITY EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE EMPLOYMENT ENTITLEMENTS EQUILIBRIUM EXPORT VOLUME EXPORTERS FACTOR PRICE FACTORS OF PRODUCTION FOREIGN CAPITAL FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT FOREIGN EXCHANGE FOREIGN FACTORS FOREIGN INVESTMENT FOREIGN LABOR FOREIGN MARKETS FOREIGN OWNERSHIP FOREIGN SERVICE PROVIDERS FORESTRY GATS GENERALIZED SYSTEM OF PREFERENCES IMPORT VOLUME IMPORTS INCOME INCREASING RETURNS INCREASING RETURNS TO SCALE INPUT-OUTPUT TABLES JOINT IMPLEMENTATION MARKET ACCESS MODES OF SUPPLY MOVEMENT OF NATURAL PERSONS MULTILATERAL TRADE MULTILATERAL TRADE NEGOTIATIONS NET EXPORTS NON-DISCRIMINATORY BASIS NON-TARIFF BARRIERS OPENNESS POLITICAL ECONOMY PRICE DIFFERENCES QUOTAS RECIPROCAL REDUCTION RECIPROCITY RETURNS TO SCALE SERVICE SECTOR SERVICE SUPPLIERS SERVICES SERVICES AGREEMENT SERVICES NEGOTIATIONS SERVICES SECTORS TARIFF BARRIERS TARIFF EQUIVALENTS TARIFF REDUCTION TERMS OF TRADE TERMS OF TRADE EFFECTS TOTAL OUTPUT TRADE TRADE BALANCE TRADE EFFECT TRADE IN SERVICES TRADE NEGOTIATIONS TRADE OPENING TRADE PATTERN TRADE POLICIES TRADE POLICY TRADING PARTNERS UNILATERAL LIBERALIZATION URUGUAY ROUND VOLUME OF TRADE WELFARE EFFECTS WELFARE GAINS WORLD PRICES WORLD TRADE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION WORLD TRADING SYSTEM WTO
Online Access:	http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2000/06/437123/reciprocity-across-modes-supply-world-trade-organization-negotiating-formula http://hdl.handle.net/10986/19831

id	okr-10986-19831
recordtype	oai_dc
spelling	okr-10986-198312021-04-23T14:03:46Z Reciprocity Across Modes of Supply in the World Trade Organization : A Negotiating Formula Mattoo, Aaditya Olarreaga, Marcelo AGRICULTURE BALANCE OF CONCESSIONS BILATERAL TRADE BORDER TRADE CAPITAL MARKET CARBON CARBON DIOXIDE CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS CENTRAL BANKS COMMERCIAL PRESENCE COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE COMPETITIVENESS CONCESSIONS CONSUMERS CROSS-BORDER DELIVERY CROSS-BORDER EXPORTS CROSS-BORDER TRADE CURRENT ACCOUNT CURRENT ACCOUNT BALANCE DEVELOPED COUNTRIES DEVELOPMENT DOMESTIC FIRMS DOMESTIC REFORM ECONOMIC THEORY ECONOMISTS ELASTICITY EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE EMPLOYMENT ENTITLEMENTS EQUILIBRIUM EXPORT VOLUME EXPORTERS FACTOR PRICE FACTORS OF PRODUCTION FOREIGN CAPITAL FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT FOREIGN EXCHANGE FOREIGN FACTORS FOREIGN INVESTMENT FOREIGN LABOR FOREIGN MARKETS FOREIGN OWNERSHIP FOREIGN SERVICE PROVIDERS FORESTRY GATS GENERALIZED SYSTEM OF PREFERENCES IMPORT VOLUME IMPORTS INCOME INCREASING RETURNS INCREASING RETURNS TO SCALE INPUT-OUTPUT TABLES JOINT IMPLEMENTATION MARKET ACCESS MODES OF SUPPLY MOVEMENT OF NATURAL PERSONS MULTILATERAL TRADE MULTILATERAL TRADE NEGOTIATIONS NET EXPORTS NON-DISCRIMINATORY BASIS NON-TARIFF BARRIERS OPENNESS POLITICAL ECONOMY PRICE DIFFERENCES QUOTAS RECIPROCAL REDUCTION RECIPROCITY RETURNS TO SCALE SERVICE SECTOR SERVICE SUPPLIERS SERVICES SERVICES AGREEMENT SERVICES NEGOTIATIONS SERVICES SECTORS TARIFF BARRIERS TARIFF EQUIVALENTS TARIFF REDUCTION TERMS OF TRADE TERMS OF TRADE EFFECTS TOTAL OUTPUT TRADE TRADE TRADE BALANCE TRADE EFFECT TRADE IN SERVICES TRADE NEGOTIATIONS TRADE OPENING TRADE PATTERN TRADE POLICIES TRADE POLICY TRADING PARTNERS UNILATERAL LIBERALIZATION URUGUAY ROUND VOLUME OF TRADE WELFARE EFFECTS WELFARE GAINS WORLD PRICES WORLD TRADE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION WORLD TRADING SYSTEM WTO Negotiations on trade in services at the World Trade Organization (WTO) have so far produced little liberalization beyond levels countries have undertaken unilaterally. One reason: limited application of the traditional negotiating principle of reciprocity. In particular, participants have failed to exploit the scope of the services agreement (General Agreement on Trade in Services -GATS) for the exchange of market-access "concessions" across different modes of supply - cross-border delivery and the movement of capital and workers. Using the Heckscher-Ohlin-Vanek framework, the authors propose a negotiating formula that generalizes the fundamental WTO principle of reciprocity to include alternative modes of delivery. Adoption of this formula as a basis for negotiations could bring greater commitments to liberalization on all modes of delivery, producing substantial gains in global welfare and more balanced outcomes. 2014-08-28T18:22:02Z 2014-08-28T18:22:02Z 2000-06 http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2000/06/437123/reciprocity-across-modes-supply-world-trade-organization-negotiating-formula http://hdl.handle.net/10986/19831 English en_US Policy Research Working Paper;No. 2373 CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/ World Bank, Washington, DC Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper Publications & Research
repository_type	Digital Repository
institution_category	Foreign Institution
institution	Digital Repositories
building	World Bank Open Knowledge Repository
collection	World Bank
language	English en_US
topic	AGRICULTURE BALANCE OF CONCESSIONS BILATERAL TRADE BORDER TRADE CAPITAL MARKET CARBON CARBON DIOXIDE CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS CENTRAL BANKS COMMERCIAL PRESENCE COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE COMPETITIVENESS CONCESSIONS CONSUMERS CROSS-BORDER DELIVERY CROSS-BORDER EXPORTS CROSS-BORDER TRADE CURRENT ACCOUNT CURRENT ACCOUNT BALANCE DEVELOPED COUNTRIES DEVELOPMENT DOMESTIC FIRMS DOMESTIC REFORM ECONOMIC THEORY ECONOMISTS ELASTICITY EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE EMPLOYMENT ENTITLEMENTS EQUILIBRIUM EXPORT VOLUME EXPORTERS FACTOR PRICE FACTORS OF PRODUCTION FOREIGN CAPITAL FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT FOREIGN EXCHANGE FOREIGN FACTORS FOREIGN INVESTMENT FOREIGN LABOR FOREIGN MARKETS FOREIGN OWNERSHIP FOREIGN SERVICE PROVIDERS FORESTRY GATS GENERALIZED SYSTEM OF PREFERENCES IMPORT VOLUME IMPORTS INCOME INCREASING RETURNS INCREASING RETURNS TO SCALE INPUT-OUTPUT TABLES JOINT IMPLEMENTATION MARKET ACCESS MODES OF SUPPLY MOVEMENT OF NATURAL PERSONS MULTILATERAL TRADE MULTILATERAL TRADE NEGOTIATIONS NET EXPORTS NON-DISCRIMINATORY BASIS NON-TARIFF BARRIERS OPENNESS POLITICAL ECONOMY PRICE DIFFERENCES QUOTAS RECIPROCAL REDUCTION RECIPROCITY RETURNS TO SCALE SERVICE SECTOR SERVICE SUPPLIERS SERVICES SERVICES AGREEMENT SERVICES NEGOTIATIONS SERVICES SECTORS TARIFF BARRIERS TARIFF EQUIVALENTS TARIFF REDUCTION TERMS OF TRADE TERMS OF TRADE EFFECTS TOTAL OUTPUT TRADE TRADE TRADE BALANCE TRADE EFFECT TRADE IN SERVICES TRADE NEGOTIATIONS TRADE OPENING TRADE PATTERN TRADE POLICIES TRADE POLICY TRADING PARTNERS UNILATERAL LIBERALIZATION URUGUAY ROUND VOLUME OF TRADE WELFARE EFFECTS WELFARE GAINS WORLD PRICES WORLD TRADE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION WORLD TRADING SYSTEM WTO
spellingShingle	AGRICULTURE BALANCE OF CONCESSIONS BILATERAL TRADE BORDER TRADE CAPITAL MARKET CARBON CARBON DIOXIDE CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS CENTRAL BANKS COMMERCIAL PRESENCE COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE COMPETITIVENESS CONCESSIONS CONSUMERS CROSS-BORDER DELIVERY CROSS-BORDER EXPORTS CROSS-BORDER TRADE CURRENT ACCOUNT CURRENT ACCOUNT BALANCE DEVELOPED COUNTRIES DEVELOPMENT DOMESTIC FIRMS DOMESTIC REFORM ECONOMIC THEORY ECONOMISTS ELASTICITY EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE EMPLOYMENT ENTITLEMENTS EQUILIBRIUM EXPORT VOLUME EXPORTERS FACTOR PRICE FACTORS OF PRODUCTION FOREIGN CAPITAL FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT FOREIGN EXCHANGE FOREIGN FACTORS FOREIGN INVESTMENT FOREIGN LABOR FOREIGN MARKETS FOREIGN OWNERSHIP FOREIGN SERVICE PROVIDERS FORESTRY GATS GENERALIZED SYSTEM OF PREFERENCES IMPORT VOLUME IMPORTS INCOME INCREASING RETURNS INCREASING RETURNS TO SCALE INPUT-OUTPUT TABLES JOINT IMPLEMENTATION MARKET ACCESS MODES OF SUPPLY MOVEMENT OF NATURAL PERSONS MULTILATERAL TRADE MULTILATERAL TRADE NEGOTIATIONS NET EXPORTS NON-DISCRIMINATORY BASIS NON-TARIFF BARRIERS OPENNESS POLITICAL ECONOMY PRICE DIFFERENCES QUOTAS RECIPROCAL REDUCTION RECIPROCITY RETURNS TO SCALE SERVICE SECTOR SERVICE SUPPLIERS SERVICES SERVICES AGREEMENT SERVICES NEGOTIATIONS SERVICES SECTORS TARIFF BARRIERS TARIFF EQUIVALENTS TARIFF REDUCTION TERMS OF TRADE TERMS OF TRADE EFFECTS TOTAL OUTPUT TRADE TRADE TRADE BALANCE TRADE EFFECT TRADE IN SERVICES TRADE NEGOTIATIONS TRADE OPENING TRADE PATTERN TRADE POLICIES TRADE POLICY TRADING PARTNERS UNILATERAL LIBERALIZATION URUGUAY ROUND VOLUME OF TRADE WELFARE EFFECTS WELFARE GAINS WORLD PRICES WORLD TRADE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION WORLD TRADING SYSTEM WTO Mattoo, Aaditya Olarreaga, Marcelo Reciprocity Across Modes of Supply in the World Trade Organization : A Negotiating Formula
relation	Policy Research Working Paper;No. 2373
description	Negotiations on trade in services at the World Trade Organization (WTO) have so far produced little liberalization beyond levels countries have undertaken unilaterally. One reason: limited application of the traditional negotiating principle of reciprocity. In particular, participants have failed to exploit the scope of the services agreement (General Agreement on Trade in Services -GATS) for the exchange of market-access "concessions" across different modes of supply - cross-border delivery and the movement of capital and workers. Using the Heckscher-Ohlin-Vanek framework, the authors propose a negotiating formula that generalizes the fundamental WTO principle of reciprocity to include alternative modes of delivery. Adoption of this formula as a basis for negotiations could bring greater commitments to liberalization on all modes of delivery, producing substantial gains in global welfare and more balanced outcomes.
format	Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper
author	Mattoo, Aaditya Olarreaga, Marcelo
author_facet	Mattoo, Aaditya Olarreaga, Marcelo
author_sort	Mattoo, Aaditya
title	Reciprocity Across Modes of Supply in the World Trade Organization : A Negotiating Formula
title_short	Reciprocity Across Modes of Supply in the World Trade Organization : A Negotiating Formula
title_full	Reciprocity Across Modes of Supply in the World Trade Organization : A Negotiating Formula
title_fullStr	Reciprocity Across Modes of Supply in the World Trade Organization : A Negotiating Formula
title_full_unstemmed	Reciprocity Across Modes of Supply in the World Trade Organization : A Negotiating Formula
title_sort	reciprocity across modes of supply in the world trade organization : a negotiating formula
publisher	World Bank, Washington, DC
publishDate	2014
url	http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2000/06/437123/reciprocity-across-modes-supply-world-trade-organization-negotiating-formula http://hdl.handle.net/10986/19831
_version_	1764441517477330944

Reciprocity Across Modes of Supply in the World Trade Organization : A Negotiating Formula

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