Geography and Development

The most striking fact about the economic geography of the world is the uneven spatial distribution of economic activity, including the coexistence of economic development and underdevelopment. High-income regions are almost entirely concentrated i...

Full description

Bibliographic Details
Main Authors:	Henderson, J. Vernon, Shalizi, Zmarak, Venables, Anthony J.
Format:	Policy Research Working Paper
Language:	English en_US
Published:	World Bank, Washington, DC 2014
Subjects:	AFFILIATE AFFILIATES AGGREGATE DEMAND BILATERAL TRADE CAPITAL GOODS CARBON CITY SIZE COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE CONSUMERS COST SAVINGS DECENTRALIZATION DECONCENTRATION DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DIMINISHING RETURNS DIMINISHING RETURNS TO SCALE ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIES OF SCALE ELASTICITIES ELASTICITY EMISSIONS EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE EMPLOYMENT ENVIRONMENTAL COSTS ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION EQUILIBRIUM EXPORTS EXTERNALITIES FINANCIAL SERVICES GDP GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM MODEL HOUSING HOUSING PRICES HUMAN CAPITAL IMPORTS INCOME INCOME LEVELS INCREASING RETURNS INCREASING RETURNS TO SCALE INDUSTRIALIZATION INSURANCE INTERMEDIATE GOODS INTERMEDIATE INPUTS LABOR COSTS LAND PRICES LARGE CITIES LDCS LESS DEVELOPED COUNTRIES LOW INCOME LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES MARGINAL BENEFITS MARGINAL COSTS MARKET FACTORS METALS MIGRATION MORTALITY NATURAL ENDOWMENTS NEGATIVE EXTERNALITIES PER CAPITA INCOME PER CAPITA INCOMES POLICY INSTRUMENTS POLICY RESEARCH POPULATION GROWTH PRICE DIFFERENCES PRODUCERS PRODUCTION COSTS PROFITABILITY REAL INCOME SCALE ECONOMIES SPATIAL ECONOMICS SPILLOVERS THEORETICAL MODELS TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY TRADE FLOWS TRADE VOLUME TRANSPORT URBAN AREAS URBAN POPULATIONS URBANIZATION VALUE ADDED WAGE DIFFERENTIALS WAGES
Online Access:	http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2000/09/693024/geography-development http://hdl.handle.net/10986/19789

id	okr-10986-19789
recordtype	oai_dc
spelling	okr-10986-197892021-04-23T14:03:44Z Geography and Development Henderson, J. Vernon Shalizi, Zmarak Venables, Anthony J. AFFILIATE AFFILIATES AGGREGATE DEMAND BILATERAL TRADE CAPITAL GOODS CARBON CITY SIZE COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE CONSUMERS COST SAVINGS DECENTRALIZATION DECONCENTRATION DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DIMINISHING RETURNS DIMINISHING RETURNS TO SCALE ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIES OF SCALE ELASTICITIES ELASTICITY EMISSIONS EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE EMPLOYMENT ENVIRONMENTAL COSTS ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION EQUILIBRIUM EXPORTS EXTERNALITIES FINANCIAL SERVICES GDP GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM MODEL HOUSING HOUSING PRICES HUMAN CAPITAL IMPORTS INCOME INCOME LEVELS INCREASING RETURNS INCREASING RETURNS TO SCALE INDUSTRIALIZATION INSURANCE INTERMEDIATE GOODS INTERMEDIATE INPUTS LABOR COSTS LAND PRICES LARGE CITIES LDCS LESS DEVELOPED COUNTRIES LOW INCOME LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES MARGINAL BENEFITS MARGINAL COSTS MARKET FACTORS METALS MIGRATION MORTALITY NATURAL ENDOWMENTS NEGATIVE EXTERNALITIES PER CAPITA INCOME PER CAPITA INCOMES POLICY INSTRUMENTS POLICY RESEARCH POPULATION GROWTH PRICE DIFFERENCES PRODUCERS PRODUCTION COSTS PROFITABILITY REAL INCOME SCALE ECONOMIES SPATIAL ECONOMICS SPILLOVERS THEORETICAL MODELS TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY TRADE FLOWS TRADE VOLUME TRANSPORT URBAN AREAS URBAN POPULATIONS URBANIZATION VALUE ADDED WAGE DIFFERENTIALS WAGES The most striking fact about the economic geography of the world is the uneven spatial distribution of economic activity, including the coexistence of economic development and underdevelopment. High-income regions are almost entirely concentrated in a few temperate zones, half of the world's GDP is produced by 15 percent of the world's population, and 54 percent of the world's GDP is produced by countries occupying just 10 percent of the world's land area. The poorest half of the world's population produces only 14 percent of the world's GDP, and 17 of the poorest 20 nations are in tropical Africa. The unevenness is also manifest within countries and within metropolitan concentrations of activity. Why are these spatial differences in land rents and wages not bid away by firms and individuals in search of low-cost or high-income locations? Why does economic activity cluster in centers of activity? And what are the consequences of remoteness from existing centers? The authors argue that understanding these issues is central for understanding many aspects of economic development and underdevelopment at the international, national, and subcontinental levels. They review the theoretical and empirical work that illuminates how the spatial relationship between economic units changes and conclude that geography matters for development, but that economic growth is not governed by a geographic determinism. New economic centers can develop, and the costs of remoteness can be reduced. Many explicit policy instruments have been used to influence location decisions. But none has been systematically successful, and many have been very costly-in part because they were based on inappropriate expectations. Moreover, many ostensibly nonspatial policies that benefit specific sectors and households have spatial consequences since the targeted sectors and households are not distributed uniformly across space. These nonspatial policies can sometimes dominate explicitly spatial policies. Further work is needed to better understand these dynamics in developing countries. 2014-08-27T20:48:26Z 2014-08-27T20:48:26Z 2000-09 http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2000/09/693024/geography-development http://hdl.handle.net/10986/19789 English en_US Policy Research Working Paper;No. 2456 CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/ World Bank, Washington, DC Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper Publications & Research
repository_type	Digital Repository
institution_category	Foreign Institution
institution	Digital Repositories
building	World Bank Open Knowledge Repository
collection	World Bank
language	English en_US
topic	AFFILIATE AFFILIATES AGGREGATE DEMAND BILATERAL TRADE CAPITAL GOODS CARBON CITY SIZE COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE CONSUMERS COST SAVINGS DECENTRALIZATION DECONCENTRATION DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DIMINISHING RETURNS DIMINISHING RETURNS TO SCALE ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIES OF SCALE ELASTICITIES ELASTICITY EMISSIONS EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE EMPLOYMENT ENVIRONMENTAL COSTS ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION EQUILIBRIUM EXPORTS EXTERNALITIES FINANCIAL SERVICES GDP GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM MODEL HOUSING HOUSING PRICES HUMAN CAPITAL IMPORTS INCOME INCOME LEVELS INCREASING RETURNS INCREASING RETURNS TO SCALE INDUSTRIALIZATION INSURANCE INTERMEDIATE GOODS INTERMEDIATE INPUTS LABOR COSTS LAND PRICES LARGE CITIES LDCS LESS DEVELOPED COUNTRIES LOW INCOME LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES MARGINAL BENEFITS MARGINAL COSTS MARKET FACTORS METALS MIGRATION MORTALITY NATURAL ENDOWMENTS NEGATIVE EXTERNALITIES PER CAPITA INCOME PER CAPITA INCOMES POLICY INSTRUMENTS POLICY RESEARCH POPULATION GROWTH PRICE DIFFERENCES PRODUCERS PRODUCTION COSTS PROFITABILITY REAL INCOME SCALE ECONOMIES SPATIAL ECONOMICS SPILLOVERS THEORETICAL MODELS TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY TRADE FLOWS TRADE VOLUME TRANSPORT URBAN AREAS URBAN POPULATIONS URBANIZATION VALUE ADDED WAGE DIFFERENTIALS WAGES
spellingShingle	AFFILIATE AFFILIATES AGGREGATE DEMAND BILATERAL TRADE CAPITAL GOODS CARBON CITY SIZE COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE CONSUMERS COST SAVINGS DECENTRALIZATION DECONCENTRATION DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DIMINISHING RETURNS DIMINISHING RETURNS TO SCALE ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIES OF SCALE ELASTICITIES ELASTICITY EMISSIONS EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE EMPLOYMENT ENVIRONMENTAL COSTS ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION EQUILIBRIUM EXPORTS EXTERNALITIES FINANCIAL SERVICES GDP GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM MODEL HOUSING HOUSING PRICES HUMAN CAPITAL IMPORTS INCOME INCOME LEVELS INCREASING RETURNS INCREASING RETURNS TO SCALE INDUSTRIALIZATION INSURANCE INTERMEDIATE GOODS INTERMEDIATE INPUTS LABOR COSTS LAND PRICES LARGE CITIES LDCS LESS DEVELOPED COUNTRIES LOW INCOME LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES MARGINAL BENEFITS MARGINAL COSTS MARKET FACTORS METALS MIGRATION MORTALITY NATURAL ENDOWMENTS NEGATIVE EXTERNALITIES PER CAPITA INCOME PER CAPITA INCOMES POLICY INSTRUMENTS POLICY RESEARCH POPULATION GROWTH PRICE DIFFERENCES PRODUCERS PRODUCTION COSTS PROFITABILITY REAL INCOME SCALE ECONOMIES SPATIAL ECONOMICS SPILLOVERS THEORETICAL MODELS TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY TRADE FLOWS TRADE VOLUME TRANSPORT URBAN AREAS URBAN POPULATIONS URBANIZATION VALUE ADDED WAGE DIFFERENTIALS WAGES Henderson, J. Vernon Shalizi, Zmarak Venables, Anthony J. Geography and Development
relation	Policy Research Working Paper;No. 2456
description	The most striking fact about the economic geography of the world is the uneven spatial distribution of economic activity, including the coexistence of economic development and underdevelopment. High-income regions are almost entirely concentrated in a few temperate zones, half of the world's GDP is produced by 15 percent of the world's population, and 54 percent of the world's GDP is produced by countries occupying just 10 percent of the world's land area. The poorest half of the world's population produces only 14 percent of the world's GDP, and 17 of the poorest 20 nations are in tropical Africa. The unevenness is also manifest within countries and within metropolitan concentrations of activity. Why are these spatial differences in land rents and wages not bid away by firms and individuals in search of low-cost or high-income locations? Why does economic activity cluster in centers of activity? And what are the consequences of remoteness from existing centers? The authors argue that understanding these issues is central for understanding many aspects of economic development and underdevelopment at the international, national, and subcontinental levels. They review the theoretical and empirical work that illuminates how the spatial relationship between economic units changes and conclude that geography matters for development, but that economic growth is not governed by a geographic determinism. New economic centers can develop, and the costs of remoteness can be reduced. Many explicit policy instruments have been used to influence location decisions. But none has been systematically successful, and many have been very costly-in part because they were based on inappropriate expectations. Moreover, many ostensibly nonspatial policies that benefit specific sectors and households have spatial consequences since the targeted sectors and households are not distributed uniformly across space. These nonspatial policies can sometimes dominate explicitly spatial policies. Further work is needed to better understand these dynamics in developing countries.
format	Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper
author	Henderson, J. Vernon Shalizi, Zmarak Venables, Anthony J.
author_facet	Henderson, J. Vernon Shalizi, Zmarak Venables, Anthony J.
author_sort	Henderson, J. Vernon
title	Geography and Development
title_short	Geography and Development
title_full	Geography and Development
title_fullStr	Geography and Development
title_full_unstemmed	Geography and Development
title_sort	geography and development
publisher	World Bank, Washington, DC
publishDate	2014
url	http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2000/09/693024/geography-development http://hdl.handle.net/10986/19789
_version_	1764440725610561536

Geography and Development

Similar Items