Who Owns the Media?

The authors examine patterns of media ownership in 97 countries around the world. They find that almost universally the largest media firms are controlled by the government or by private families. Government ownership is more pervasive in broadcast...

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Main Authors:	Djankov, Simeon, McLeish, Caralee, Nenova, Tatiana, Shleifer, Andrei
Format:	Policy Research Working Paper
Language:	English en_US
Published:	World Bank, Washington, DC 2014
Subjects:	ADVERSE CONSEQUENCES ADVERSE EFFECTS ADVERTISING AGRICULTURE AIR AUDIENCE BROADCAST BROADCASTERS BROADCASTING BROADCASTING SYSTEMS BROADCASTS BUSINESS ASSOCIATIONS CENSORSHIP CITIZENS COMMUNISTS CONSTITUTION CONSUMERS CORRUPTION DATA GATHERING DATA SOURCES DECISION MAKING DEMOCRACY DEMOCRATIC COUNTRIES DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DICTATORSHIP DISCLOSURE ECONOMIC THEORY ECONOMIES OF SCALE FAMILIES FINANCIAL BENEFITS FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS FINANCIAL MARKETS FIXED COSTS FOREIGN OWNERSHIP FOREIGN PARTICIPATION GNP GNP PER CAPITA GOVERNMENT MONOPOLIES GOVERNMENT OWNERSHIP HEAD OF STATE HUMAN RIGHTS INCOME INCOME LEVELS INCREASING RETURNS INFORMATION SERVICES INTERMEDIARIES JOURNALISTS LARGE SHAREHOLDERS LAWS LEGAL ENTITIES LITERACY MARGINAL COSTS MEDIA MEDIA INDUSTRIES MONOPOLY MORTALITY NATIONALIZATION NATIONS NEWS REPORTS NEWSPRINT OWNERSHIP STRUCTURE PER CAPITA INCOME POLITICAL PARTIES POLITICAL PROCESS POLITICIANS PRESENTATIONS PRIVATE OWNERSHIP PRIVATE SECTOR PROGRAMMING PROPERTY RIGHTS PUBLIC GOOD PUBLIC OPINION PUBLIC SERVICE PUBLISHERS PUBLISHING RADIO RADIO OWNERSHIP RADIO STATION RADIO STATIONS REVOLUTION SOCIAL ISSUES SOCIAL POLICY STATE CONTROL STATE ENTERPRISES STATE GOVERNMENT STATE INTERVENTION STATE OWNERSHIP STATE SUBSIDIES TELEVISION TELEVISION BROADCASTING TELEVISION CHANNELS TELEVISION STATIONS TRANSITION ECONOMIES VOTERS VOTING
Online Access:	http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2001/06/1490082/owns-media http://hdl.handle.net/10986/19605

id	okr-10986-19605
recordtype	oai_dc
spelling	okr-10986-196052021-04-23T14:03:43Z Who Owns the Media? Djankov, Simeon McLeish, Caralee Nenova, Tatiana Shleifer, Andrei ADVERSE CONSEQUENCES ADVERSE EFFECTS ADVERTISING AGRICULTURE AIR AUDIENCE BROADCAST BROADCASTERS BROADCASTING BROADCASTING SYSTEMS BROADCASTS BUSINESS ASSOCIATIONS CENSORSHIP CITIZENS COMMUNISTS CONSTITUTION CONSUMERS CORRUPTION DATA GATHERING DATA SOURCES DECISION MAKING DEMOCRACY DEMOCRATIC COUNTRIES DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DICTATORSHIP DISCLOSURE ECONOMIC THEORY ECONOMIES OF SCALE FAMILIES FINANCIAL BENEFITS FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS FINANCIAL MARKETS FIXED COSTS FOREIGN OWNERSHIP FOREIGN PARTICIPATION GNP GNP PER CAPITA GOVERNMENT MONOPOLIES GOVERNMENT OWNERSHIP HEAD OF STATE HUMAN RIGHTS INCOME INCOME LEVELS INCREASING RETURNS INFORMATION SERVICES INTERMEDIARIES JOURNALISTS LARGE SHAREHOLDERS LAWS LEGAL ENTITIES LITERACY MARGINAL COSTS MEDIA MEDIA INDUSTRIES MONOPOLY MORTALITY NATIONALIZATION NATIONS NEWS REPORTS NEWSPRINT OWNERSHIP STRUCTURE PER CAPITA INCOME POLITICAL PARTIES POLITICAL PROCESS POLITICIANS PRESENTATIONS PRIVATE OWNERSHIP PRIVATE SECTOR PROGRAMMING PROPERTY RIGHTS PUBLIC GOOD PUBLIC OPINION PUBLIC SERVICE PUBLISHERS PUBLISHING RADIO RADIO OWNERSHIP RADIO STATION RADIO STATIONS REVOLUTION SOCIAL ISSUES SOCIAL POLICY STATE CONTROL STATE ENTERPRISES STATE GOVERNMENT STATE INTERVENTION STATE OWNERSHIP STATE SUBSIDIES TELEVISION TELEVISION BROADCASTING TELEVISION CHANNELS TELEVISION STATIONS TRANSITION ECONOMIES VOTERS VOTING The authors examine patterns of media ownership in 97 countries around the world. They find that almost universally the largest media firms are controlled by the government or by private families. Government ownership is more pervasive in broadcasting than in the printed media. Government ownership is generally associated with less press freedom, fewer political and economic rights, inferior governance, and, most conspicuously, inferior social outcomes in education and health. The adverse effects of government ownership on political and economic freedom are stronger for newspapers than for television. The adverse effects of government ownership of the media do not appear to be restricted solely to instances of government monopoly. The authors present a range of evidence on the adverse consequences of state ownership of the media. State ownership of the media is often argued to be justified on behalf of the social needs of the disadvantaged. But if their findings are correct, increasing private ownership of the media--through privatization or by encouraging the entry of privately owned media--can advance a variety of political and economic goals, especially those of meeting the social needs of the poor. 2014-08-21T20:16:39Z 2014-08-21T20:16:39Z 2001-06 http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2001/06/1490082/owns-media http://hdl.handle.net/10986/19605 English en_US Policy Research Working Paper;No. 2620 CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/ World Bank, Washington, DC Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper Publications & Research
repository_type	Digital Repository
institution_category	Foreign Institution
institution	Digital Repositories
building	World Bank Open Knowledge Repository
collection	World Bank
language	English en_US
topic	ADVERSE CONSEQUENCES ADVERSE EFFECTS ADVERTISING AGRICULTURE AIR AUDIENCE BROADCAST BROADCASTERS BROADCASTING BROADCASTING SYSTEMS BROADCASTS BUSINESS ASSOCIATIONS CENSORSHIP CITIZENS COMMUNISTS CONSTITUTION CONSUMERS CORRUPTION DATA GATHERING DATA SOURCES DECISION MAKING DEMOCRACY DEMOCRATIC COUNTRIES DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DICTATORSHIP DISCLOSURE ECONOMIC THEORY ECONOMIES OF SCALE FAMILIES FINANCIAL BENEFITS FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS FINANCIAL MARKETS FIXED COSTS FOREIGN OWNERSHIP FOREIGN PARTICIPATION GNP GNP PER CAPITA GOVERNMENT MONOPOLIES GOVERNMENT OWNERSHIP HEAD OF STATE HUMAN RIGHTS INCOME INCOME LEVELS INCREASING RETURNS INFORMATION SERVICES INTERMEDIARIES JOURNALISTS LARGE SHAREHOLDERS LAWS LEGAL ENTITIES LITERACY MARGINAL COSTS MEDIA MEDIA INDUSTRIES MONOPOLY MORTALITY NATIONALIZATION NATIONS NEWS REPORTS NEWSPRINT OWNERSHIP STRUCTURE PER CAPITA INCOME POLITICAL PARTIES POLITICAL PROCESS POLITICIANS PRESENTATIONS PRIVATE OWNERSHIP PRIVATE SECTOR PROGRAMMING PROPERTY RIGHTS PUBLIC GOOD PUBLIC OPINION PUBLIC SERVICE PUBLISHERS PUBLISHING RADIO RADIO OWNERSHIP RADIO STATION RADIO STATIONS REVOLUTION SOCIAL ISSUES SOCIAL POLICY STATE CONTROL STATE ENTERPRISES STATE GOVERNMENT STATE INTERVENTION STATE OWNERSHIP STATE SUBSIDIES TELEVISION TELEVISION BROADCASTING TELEVISION CHANNELS TELEVISION STATIONS TRANSITION ECONOMIES VOTERS VOTING
spellingShingle	ADVERSE CONSEQUENCES ADVERSE EFFECTS ADVERTISING AGRICULTURE AIR AUDIENCE BROADCAST BROADCASTERS BROADCASTING BROADCASTING SYSTEMS BROADCASTS BUSINESS ASSOCIATIONS CENSORSHIP CITIZENS COMMUNISTS CONSTITUTION CONSUMERS CORRUPTION DATA GATHERING DATA SOURCES DECISION MAKING DEMOCRACY DEMOCRATIC COUNTRIES DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DICTATORSHIP DISCLOSURE ECONOMIC THEORY ECONOMIES OF SCALE FAMILIES FINANCIAL BENEFITS FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS FINANCIAL MARKETS FIXED COSTS FOREIGN OWNERSHIP FOREIGN PARTICIPATION GNP GNP PER CAPITA GOVERNMENT MONOPOLIES GOVERNMENT OWNERSHIP HEAD OF STATE HUMAN RIGHTS INCOME INCOME LEVELS INCREASING RETURNS INFORMATION SERVICES INTERMEDIARIES JOURNALISTS LARGE SHAREHOLDERS LAWS LEGAL ENTITIES LITERACY MARGINAL COSTS MEDIA MEDIA INDUSTRIES MONOPOLY MORTALITY NATIONALIZATION NATIONS NEWS REPORTS NEWSPRINT OWNERSHIP STRUCTURE PER CAPITA INCOME POLITICAL PARTIES POLITICAL PROCESS POLITICIANS PRESENTATIONS PRIVATE OWNERSHIP PRIVATE SECTOR PROGRAMMING PROPERTY RIGHTS PUBLIC GOOD PUBLIC OPINION PUBLIC SERVICE PUBLISHERS PUBLISHING RADIO RADIO OWNERSHIP RADIO STATION RADIO STATIONS REVOLUTION SOCIAL ISSUES SOCIAL POLICY STATE CONTROL STATE ENTERPRISES STATE GOVERNMENT STATE INTERVENTION STATE OWNERSHIP STATE SUBSIDIES TELEVISION TELEVISION BROADCASTING TELEVISION CHANNELS TELEVISION STATIONS TRANSITION ECONOMIES VOTERS VOTING Djankov, Simeon McLeish, Caralee Nenova, Tatiana Shleifer, Andrei Who Owns the Media?
relation	Policy Research Working Paper;No. 2620
description	The authors examine patterns of media ownership in 97 countries around the world. They find that almost universally the largest media firms are controlled by the government or by private families. Government ownership is more pervasive in broadcasting than in the printed media. Government ownership is generally associated with less press freedom, fewer political and economic rights, inferior governance, and, most conspicuously, inferior social outcomes in education and health. The adverse effects of government ownership on political and economic freedom are stronger for newspapers than for television. The adverse effects of government ownership of the media do not appear to be restricted solely to instances of government monopoly. The authors present a range of evidence on the adverse consequences of state ownership of the media. State ownership of the media is often argued to be justified on behalf of the social needs of the disadvantaged. But if their findings are correct, increasing private ownership of the media--through privatization or by encouraging the entry of privately owned media--can advance a variety of political and economic goals, especially those of meeting the social needs of the poor.
format	Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper
author	Djankov, Simeon McLeish, Caralee Nenova, Tatiana Shleifer, Andrei
author_facet	Djankov, Simeon McLeish, Caralee Nenova, Tatiana Shleifer, Andrei
author_sort	Djankov, Simeon
title	Who Owns the Media?
title_short	Who Owns the Media?
title_full	Who Owns the Media?
title_fullStr	Who Owns the Media?
title_full_unstemmed	Who Owns the Media?
title_sort	who owns the media?
publisher	World Bank, Washington, DC
publishDate	2014
url	http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2001/06/1490082/owns-media http://hdl.handle.net/10986/19605
_version_	1764440149995814912

Who Owns the Media?

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