Sectoral Allocation by Gender of Latin American Workers over the Liberalization Period of the 1990s
The recent restructuring of Latin American economies has renewed interest in the effects of trade liberalization, on labor markets, and on the gender division of labor. The author does not attempt to establish casuality between economic reforms, an...
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| Format: | Policy Research Working Paper |
| Language: | English en_US |
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World Bank, Washington, DC
2014
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| Online Access: | http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2001/12/1660279/sectoral-allocation-gender-latin-american-workers-over-liberalization-period-1990s http://hdl.handle.net/10986/19400 |
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okr-10986-194002021-04-23T14:03:42Z Sectoral Allocation by Gender of Latin American Workers over the Liberalization Period of the 1990s Cunningham, Wendy V. ADULTS AGED AGGREGATE DEMAND CAPITAL GOODS DEBT DEMOGRAPHICS DIVISION OF LABOR ECONOMIC REFORM EMPLOYMENT EXCHANGE RATE FEMALES HIGH UNEMPLOYMENT HOUSEHOLD COMPOSITION INCOME INCOME DISTRIBUTION INDEXATION INFLATION INSURANCE LABOR FORCE LABOR LEGISLATION LABOR MARKETS LAWS LEGISLATION MALES MARITAL STATUS MARRIED MEN MARRIED WOMEN PARENTS PRIVATIZATION PRODUCTIVITY PUBLIC DEBT PUBLIC SECTOR PUBLIC SERVICES REAL WAGES SAFETY TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE UNEMPLOYMENT UNEMPLOYMENT RATES WAGES WORK IN PROGRESS WORKERS WORKING WOMEN GENDER RESEARCH SECTORAL ALLOCATION LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION TRADE LIBERALIZATION REFORM IMPLEMENTATION GENDER DISCREPANCIES WORKERS REPRESENTATION DIVISION OF LABOUR ECONOMIC REFORM FORMAL SECTOR INFORMAL SECTOR GENDER ROLES SELF EMPLOYMENT STATISTICAL DATA SECTORAL ASSESSMENT WAGE SURVEYS HUMAN CAPITAL FORMATION The recent restructuring of Latin American economies has renewed interest in the effects of trade liberalization, on labor markets, and on the gender division of labor. The author does not attempt to establish casuality between economic reforms, and the types of jobs that men and women hold. Instead, she provides a detailed description of the trends in male, and female formal, and informal sector participation during the economic reform period in Argentina, Brazil, and Costa Rica. The author first compares the gender composition of the formal, informal wage, and self-employment sectors in a year before reforms (1988 for Argentina, 1989 for Brazil, and Costa Rica), and a year after reforms implementation (1997 for Argentina, 1995 for Brazil and Costa Rica). Although women continued to be more likely than men to work in the informal wage sector, there is no trend of "masculinization" or "feminization" of the informal sector, or any other. Instead, in Argentina men have overtaken women as the most prevalent workers in the informal wage sector, while in Brazil, the opposite has occurred (as men move into self-employment). In Costa Rica there have been no statistical, observable changes. The author then considers the distribution across sectors within each gender group, to identify whether men, and women are more likely to select different sectors in the post-reform period relative to the pre-reform period. Among both men, and women in all three countries (except Brazilian men), workers have become more likely to hold informal wage jobs, and less likely to hold formal sector jobs. Trends in human capital accumulation explain these changes for both men, and women, while changes in gender roles, primarily in homecare and marriage, do not seem to have an effect. 2014-08-15T19:45:37Z 2014-08-15T19:45:37Z 2001-12 http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2001/12/1660279/sectoral-allocation-gender-latin-american-workers-over-liberalization-period-1990s http://hdl.handle.net/10986/19400 English en_US Policy Research Working Paper;No. 2742 CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/ World Bank, Washington, DC Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper Publications & Research Latin America & Caribbean ARGENTINA Brazil Costa Rica |
| repository_type |
Digital Repository |
| institution_category |
Foreign Institution |
| institution |
Digital Repositories |
| building |
World Bank Open Knowledge Repository |
| collection |
World Bank |
| language |
English en_US |
| topic |
ADULTS AGED AGGREGATE DEMAND CAPITAL GOODS DEBT DEMOGRAPHICS DIVISION OF LABOR ECONOMIC REFORM EMPLOYMENT EXCHANGE RATE FEMALES HIGH UNEMPLOYMENT HOUSEHOLD COMPOSITION INCOME INCOME DISTRIBUTION INDEXATION INFLATION INSURANCE LABOR FORCE LABOR LEGISLATION LABOR MARKETS LAWS LEGISLATION MALES MARITAL STATUS MARRIED MEN MARRIED WOMEN PARENTS PRIVATIZATION PRODUCTIVITY PUBLIC DEBT PUBLIC SECTOR PUBLIC SERVICES REAL WAGES SAFETY TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE UNEMPLOYMENT UNEMPLOYMENT RATES WAGES WORK IN PROGRESS WORKERS WORKING WOMEN GENDER RESEARCH SECTORAL ALLOCATION LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION TRADE LIBERALIZATION REFORM IMPLEMENTATION GENDER DISCREPANCIES WORKERS REPRESENTATION DIVISION OF LABOUR ECONOMIC REFORM FORMAL SECTOR INFORMAL SECTOR GENDER ROLES SELF EMPLOYMENT STATISTICAL DATA SECTORAL ASSESSMENT WAGE SURVEYS HUMAN CAPITAL FORMATION |
| spellingShingle |
ADULTS AGED AGGREGATE DEMAND CAPITAL GOODS DEBT DEMOGRAPHICS DIVISION OF LABOR ECONOMIC REFORM EMPLOYMENT EXCHANGE RATE FEMALES HIGH UNEMPLOYMENT HOUSEHOLD COMPOSITION INCOME INCOME DISTRIBUTION INDEXATION INFLATION INSURANCE LABOR FORCE LABOR LEGISLATION LABOR MARKETS LAWS LEGISLATION MALES MARITAL STATUS MARRIED MEN MARRIED WOMEN PARENTS PRIVATIZATION PRODUCTIVITY PUBLIC DEBT PUBLIC SECTOR PUBLIC SERVICES REAL WAGES SAFETY TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE UNEMPLOYMENT UNEMPLOYMENT RATES WAGES WORK IN PROGRESS WORKERS WORKING WOMEN GENDER RESEARCH SECTORAL ALLOCATION LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION TRADE LIBERALIZATION REFORM IMPLEMENTATION GENDER DISCREPANCIES WORKERS REPRESENTATION DIVISION OF LABOUR ECONOMIC REFORM FORMAL SECTOR INFORMAL SECTOR GENDER ROLES SELF EMPLOYMENT STATISTICAL DATA SECTORAL ASSESSMENT WAGE SURVEYS HUMAN CAPITAL FORMATION Cunningham, Wendy V. Sectoral Allocation by Gender of Latin American Workers over the Liberalization Period of the 1990s |
| geographic_facet |
Latin America & Caribbean ARGENTINA Brazil Costa Rica |
| relation |
Policy Research Working Paper;No. 2742 |
| description |
The recent restructuring of Latin
American economies has renewed interest in the effects of
trade liberalization, on labor markets, and on the gender
division of labor. The author does not attempt to establish
casuality between economic reforms, and the types of jobs
that men and women hold. Instead, she provides a detailed
description of the trends in male, and female formal, and
informal sector participation during the economic reform
period in Argentina, Brazil, and Costa Rica. The author
first compares the gender composition of the formal,
informal wage, and self-employment sectors in a year before
reforms (1988 for Argentina, 1989 for Brazil, and Costa
Rica), and a year after reforms implementation (1997 for
Argentina, 1995 for Brazil and Costa Rica). Although women
continued to be more likely than men to work in the informal
wage sector, there is no trend of
"masculinization" or "feminization" of
the informal sector, or any other. Instead, in Argentina men
have overtaken women as the most prevalent workers in the
informal wage sector, while in Brazil, the opposite has
occurred (as men move into self-employment). In Costa Rica
there have been no statistical, observable changes. The
author then considers the distribution across sectors within
each gender group, to identify whether men, and women are
more likely to select different sectors in the post-reform
period relative to the pre-reform period. Among both men,
and women in all three countries (except Brazilian men),
workers have become more likely to hold informal wage jobs,
and less likely to hold formal sector jobs. Trends in human
capital accumulation explain these changes for both men, and
women, while changes in gender roles, primarily in homecare
and marriage, do not seem to have an effect. |
| format |
Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper |
| author |
Cunningham, Wendy V. |
| author_facet |
Cunningham, Wendy V. |
| author_sort |
Cunningham, Wendy V. |
| title |
Sectoral Allocation by Gender of Latin American Workers over the Liberalization Period of the 1990s |
| title_short |
Sectoral Allocation by Gender of Latin American Workers over the Liberalization Period of the 1990s |
| title_full |
Sectoral Allocation by Gender of Latin American Workers over the Liberalization Period of the 1990s |
| title_fullStr |
Sectoral Allocation by Gender of Latin American Workers over the Liberalization Period of the 1990s |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Sectoral Allocation by Gender of Latin American Workers over the Liberalization Period of the 1990s |
| title_sort |
sectoral allocation by gender of latin american workers over the liberalization period of the 1990s |
| publisher |
World Bank, Washington, DC |
| publishDate |
2014 |
| url |
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2001/12/1660279/sectoral-allocation-gender-latin-american-workers-over-liberalization-period-1990s http://hdl.handle.net/10986/19400 |
| _version_ |
1764439766423568384 |