Jobs or Privileges : Unleashing the Employment Potential of the Middle East and North Africa
This report argues that Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries face a critical choice in their quest for higher private sector growth and more jobs: promote competition, equal opportunities for all entrepreneurs and dismantle existing privil...
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| Format: | Other Urban Study |
| Language: | English en_US |
| Published: |
Washington, DC
2014
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2014/06/19794535/jobs-or-privileges-unleashing-employment-potential-middle-east-north-africa http://hdl.handle.net/10986/19292 |
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okr-10986-19292 |
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| recordtype |
oai_dc |
| repository_type |
Digital Repository |
| institution_category |
Foreign Institution |
| institution |
Digital Repositories |
| building |
World Bank Open Knowledge Repository |
| collection |
World Bank |
| language |
English en_US |
| topic |
ACCESS TO INFORMATION ACCOUNTING AGGREGATE EMPLOYMENT AGGREGATE GROWTH AGGREGATE PRODUCTIVITY AGGREGATE PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH BANKRUPTCY LAWS BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT CENSUSES CITIZEN CITIZENS COLLEGE GRADUATES COMPETITION LAW COMPETITIVE PRESSURES COMPETITORS CREATIVE DESTRUCTION DEMAND FOR SERVICES DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DEVELOPMENT POLICIES DIVERSIFICATION DOMESTIC MARKET DRIVERS ECONOMIC BENEFITS ECONOMIC GROWTH EDUCATED WOMEN EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT EMPLOYEE EMPLOYMENT EMPLOYMENT CREATION EMPLOYMENT GROWTH EMPLOYMENT GROWTH RATES EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES EMPLOYMENT OUTCOMES EMPLOYMENT PERFORMANCE EMPLOYMENT SHARE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION EMPLOYMENT TRENDS ENTREPRENEURS EQUAL ACCESS EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES EQUAL OPPORTUNITY EQUALITY OF OPPORTUNITY FAMILY MEMBERS FERTILITY FERTILITY RATES FIRM DYNAMICS FIRM ENTRY FIRM GROWTH FIRM PRODUCTIVITY FIRM SIZE FIRM SIZES FIRM TURNOVER FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT FORMAL SECTOR WORKERS GOVERNMENT POLICIES GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS GOVERNMENT SUPPORT GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT HIGH UNEMPLOYMENT HIGH WAGES HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS HUMAN CAPITAL HUMAN RESOURCES IMPACT OF POLICIES INCOME INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT INFORMAL ECONOMY INFORMAL SECTOR INSURANCE INTENSIVE INDUSTRIES INTERNATIONAL MARKETS JOB CREATION JOB DESTRUCTION JOB PERFORMANCE JOB TRAINING JOBS LABOR CONTRACT LABOR CONTRACTS LABOR DEMAND LABOR FORCE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION LABOR LAWS LABOR MARKET LABOR MARKET POLICIES LABOR MARKETS LABOR PRODUCTIVITY LABOR PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH LABOR REALLOCATION LABOR SHARE LABOR SUPPLY LEVEL PLAYING FIELD MANUFACTURING ESTABLISHMENTS MARKET FAILURES MONOPOLIES MORTALITY MULTINATIONAL MULTINATIONAL ENTERPRISES NATURAL RESOURCE NET EMPLOYMENT NET JOB CREATION NET PROFIT NUMBER OF WORKERS PARTICIPATION OF WOMEN POLICY DIALOGUE POLICY IMPLICATIONS POLITICAL ECONOMY POPULATION GROWTH POPULATION GROWTH RATE PREVIOUS STUDIES PREVIOUS WORK PRIVATE SECTOR PRIVATE SECTOR JOB PRIVATE SECTOR JOBS PRIVATE SECTORS PRIVATIZATION PROCESS INNOVATION PRODUCT INNOVATION PRODUCT MARKET PRODUCT MARKET COMPETITION PRODUCTIVE FIRMS PRODUCTIVITY GAINS PRODUCTIVITY INCREASE PUBLIC POLICY PUBLIC WORKS PUBLIC WORKS PROGRAM PURCHASING POWER PURCHASING POWER PARITY REGULATORY BURDEN REGULATORY TASKS REMITTANCES RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS RETAIL TRADE RURAL AREAS SECONDARY DEGREE SERVICE SECTOR SERVICE SECTORS SIGNIFICANT POLICY SMALL FIRMS SME SOCIAL SECURITY SUBSIDIZED LAND SURVIVAL RATES TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY TOTAL LABOR FORCE TRANSPORT TRANSPORTATION UNEDUCATED WOMEN UNEMPLOYED UNEMPLOYMENT UNEMPLOYMENT RATES WAGE DATA WORKER WORKERS WORKING POPULATION YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT RATE |
| spellingShingle |
ACCESS TO INFORMATION ACCOUNTING AGGREGATE EMPLOYMENT AGGREGATE GROWTH AGGREGATE PRODUCTIVITY AGGREGATE PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH BANKRUPTCY LAWS BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT CENSUSES CITIZEN CITIZENS COLLEGE GRADUATES COMPETITION LAW COMPETITIVE PRESSURES COMPETITORS CREATIVE DESTRUCTION DEMAND FOR SERVICES DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DEVELOPMENT POLICIES DIVERSIFICATION DOMESTIC MARKET DRIVERS ECONOMIC BENEFITS ECONOMIC GROWTH EDUCATED WOMEN EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT EMPLOYEE EMPLOYMENT EMPLOYMENT CREATION EMPLOYMENT GROWTH EMPLOYMENT GROWTH RATES EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES EMPLOYMENT OUTCOMES EMPLOYMENT PERFORMANCE EMPLOYMENT SHARE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION EMPLOYMENT TRENDS ENTREPRENEURS EQUAL ACCESS EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES EQUAL OPPORTUNITY EQUALITY OF OPPORTUNITY FAMILY MEMBERS FERTILITY FERTILITY RATES FIRM DYNAMICS FIRM ENTRY FIRM GROWTH FIRM PRODUCTIVITY FIRM SIZE FIRM SIZES FIRM TURNOVER FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT FORMAL SECTOR WORKERS GOVERNMENT POLICIES GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS GOVERNMENT SUPPORT GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT HIGH UNEMPLOYMENT HIGH WAGES HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS HUMAN CAPITAL HUMAN RESOURCES IMPACT OF POLICIES INCOME INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT INFORMAL ECONOMY INFORMAL SECTOR INSURANCE INTENSIVE INDUSTRIES INTERNATIONAL MARKETS JOB CREATION JOB DESTRUCTION JOB PERFORMANCE JOB TRAINING JOBS LABOR CONTRACT LABOR CONTRACTS LABOR DEMAND LABOR FORCE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION LABOR LAWS LABOR MARKET LABOR MARKET POLICIES LABOR MARKETS LABOR PRODUCTIVITY LABOR PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH LABOR REALLOCATION LABOR SHARE LABOR SUPPLY LEVEL PLAYING FIELD MANUFACTURING ESTABLISHMENTS MARKET FAILURES MONOPOLIES MORTALITY MULTINATIONAL MULTINATIONAL ENTERPRISES NATURAL RESOURCE NET EMPLOYMENT NET JOB CREATION NET PROFIT NUMBER OF WORKERS PARTICIPATION OF WOMEN POLICY DIALOGUE POLICY IMPLICATIONS POLITICAL ECONOMY POPULATION GROWTH POPULATION GROWTH RATE PREVIOUS STUDIES PREVIOUS WORK PRIVATE SECTOR PRIVATE SECTOR JOB PRIVATE SECTOR JOBS PRIVATE SECTORS PRIVATIZATION PROCESS INNOVATION PRODUCT INNOVATION PRODUCT MARKET PRODUCT MARKET COMPETITION PRODUCTIVE FIRMS PRODUCTIVITY GAINS PRODUCTIVITY INCREASE PUBLIC POLICY PUBLIC WORKS PUBLIC WORKS PROGRAM PURCHASING POWER PURCHASING POWER PARITY REGULATORY BURDEN REGULATORY TASKS REMITTANCES RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS RETAIL TRADE RURAL AREAS SECONDARY DEGREE SERVICE SECTOR SERVICE SECTORS SIGNIFICANT POLICY SMALL FIRMS SME SOCIAL SECURITY SUBSIDIZED LAND SURVIVAL RATES TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY TOTAL LABOR FORCE TRANSPORT TRANSPORTATION UNEDUCATED WOMEN UNEMPLOYED UNEMPLOYMENT UNEMPLOYMENT RATES WAGE DATA WORKER WORKERS WORKING POPULATION YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT RATE World Bank Jobs or Privileges : Unleashing the Employment Potential of the Middle East and North Africa |
| geographic_facet |
Middle East and North Africa North Africa Middle East |
| description |
This report argues that Middle East and
North Africa (MENA) countries face a critical choice in
their quest for higher private sector growth and more jobs:
promote competition, equal opportunities for all
entrepreneurs and dismantle existing privileges to specific
firms or risk perpetuating the current equilibrium of low
job creation. The report shows that policies which lower
competition in MENA also constrain private sector
development and job creation. The report highlights the
central role of promoting competition to stimulate private
sector growth. However, there is little evidence on the
political economy factors that perpetuate and or accentuate
the lack of competition in the region, nor on the type of
policy distortions that weaken competition and how those
distortions ultimately affect job creation. This report aims
to fill these gaps. It tackles the following questions: what
types of firms create more jobs in MENA?; are they different
from other regions?; what policies in MENA prevent the
private sector from creating more jobs?; how do these
policies affect competition and job creation?; and to what
extent are these policies associated with privileges to
politically connected firms? This report provides evidence
that privileges granted to politically connected firms are
associated with many of the policy distortions that the
literature identifies to weaken private sector growth and
job creation. This report assembles the most comprehensive
firm census database ever put together for the MENA region.
This allows to measure accurate characteristics of and
trends in firms' demand for labor, and provides
reliable representative estimates of both aggregate private
sector job creation and productivity growth determinants.
The report is organized in four chapters as follows: chapter
one analyzes the dynamics and determinants of job creation
and tests whether the fundamentals of job creation in MENA
are similar to those in fast growing developing and high
income countries. Chapter two shows how different policies
in MENA countries shaped private sector competition and thus
the firm dynamics associated with job growth identified in
chapter one. Chapter three documents past industrial
policies in MENA and compare the experiences in MENA with
the experiences of East Asian countries, highlighting how
the differences are linked to policy objective, design, and
implementation. Chapter four analyzes how privileges to
politically connected firms result in policy distortions
that undermine competition and constrain private sector
growth and jobs in MENA. The report concludes by laying out
the implications for policy of the various findings and lays
out the specific areas for policy reform to the roadmap for
more private sector growth and jobs in MENA. |
| format |
Economic & Sector Work :: Other Urban Study |
| author |
World Bank |
| author_facet |
World Bank |
| author_sort |
World Bank |
| title |
Jobs or Privileges : Unleashing the Employment Potential of the Middle East and North Africa |
| title_short |
Jobs or Privileges : Unleashing the Employment Potential of the Middle East and North Africa |
| title_full |
Jobs or Privileges : Unleashing the Employment Potential of the Middle East and North Africa |
| title_fullStr |
Jobs or Privileges : Unleashing the Employment Potential of the Middle East and North Africa |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Jobs or Privileges : Unleashing the Employment Potential of the Middle East and North Africa |
| title_sort |
jobs or privileges : unleashing the employment potential of the middle east and north africa |
| publisher |
Washington, DC |
| publishDate |
2014 |
| url |
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2014/06/19794535/jobs-or-privileges-unleashing-employment-potential-middle-east-north-africa http://hdl.handle.net/10986/19292 |
| _version_ |
1764443645279207424 |
| spelling |
okr-10986-192922021-04-23T14:03:51Z Jobs or Privileges : Unleashing the Employment Potential of the Middle East and North Africa World Bank ACCESS TO INFORMATION ACCOUNTING AGGREGATE EMPLOYMENT AGGREGATE GROWTH AGGREGATE PRODUCTIVITY AGGREGATE PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH BANKRUPTCY LAWS BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT CENSUSES CITIZEN CITIZENS COLLEGE GRADUATES COMPETITION LAW COMPETITIVE PRESSURES COMPETITORS CREATIVE DESTRUCTION DEMAND FOR SERVICES DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DEVELOPMENT POLICIES DIVERSIFICATION DOMESTIC MARKET DRIVERS ECONOMIC BENEFITS ECONOMIC GROWTH EDUCATED WOMEN EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT EMPLOYEE EMPLOYMENT EMPLOYMENT CREATION EMPLOYMENT GROWTH EMPLOYMENT GROWTH RATES EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES EMPLOYMENT OUTCOMES EMPLOYMENT PERFORMANCE EMPLOYMENT SHARE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION EMPLOYMENT TRENDS ENTREPRENEURS EQUAL ACCESS EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES EQUAL OPPORTUNITY EQUALITY OF OPPORTUNITY FAMILY MEMBERS FERTILITY FERTILITY RATES FIRM DYNAMICS FIRM ENTRY FIRM GROWTH FIRM PRODUCTIVITY FIRM SIZE FIRM SIZES FIRM TURNOVER FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT FORMAL SECTOR WORKERS GOVERNMENT POLICIES GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS GOVERNMENT SUPPORT GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT HIGH UNEMPLOYMENT HIGH WAGES HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS HUMAN CAPITAL HUMAN RESOURCES IMPACT OF POLICIES INCOME INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT INFORMAL ECONOMY INFORMAL SECTOR INSURANCE INTENSIVE INDUSTRIES INTERNATIONAL MARKETS JOB CREATION JOB DESTRUCTION JOB PERFORMANCE JOB TRAINING JOBS LABOR CONTRACT LABOR CONTRACTS LABOR DEMAND LABOR FORCE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION LABOR LAWS LABOR MARKET LABOR MARKET POLICIES LABOR MARKETS LABOR PRODUCTIVITY LABOR PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH LABOR REALLOCATION LABOR SHARE LABOR SUPPLY LEVEL PLAYING FIELD MANUFACTURING ESTABLISHMENTS MARKET FAILURES MONOPOLIES MORTALITY MULTINATIONAL MULTINATIONAL ENTERPRISES NATURAL RESOURCE NET EMPLOYMENT NET JOB CREATION NET PROFIT NUMBER OF WORKERS PARTICIPATION OF WOMEN POLICY DIALOGUE POLICY IMPLICATIONS POLITICAL ECONOMY POPULATION GROWTH POPULATION GROWTH RATE PREVIOUS STUDIES PREVIOUS WORK PRIVATE SECTOR PRIVATE SECTOR JOB PRIVATE SECTOR JOBS PRIVATE SECTORS PRIVATIZATION PROCESS INNOVATION PRODUCT INNOVATION PRODUCT MARKET PRODUCT MARKET COMPETITION PRODUCTIVE FIRMS PRODUCTIVITY GAINS PRODUCTIVITY INCREASE PUBLIC POLICY PUBLIC WORKS PUBLIC WORKS PROGRAM PURCHASING POWER PURCHASING POWER PARITY REGULATORY BURDEN REGULATORY TASKS REMITTANCES RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS RETAIL TRADE RURAL AREAS SECONDARY DEGREE SERVICE SECTOR SERVICE SECTORS SIGNIFICANT POLICY SMALL FIRMS SME SOCIAL SECURITY SUBSIDIZED LAND SURVIVAL RATES TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY TOTAL LABOR FORCE TRANSPORT TRANSPORTATION UNEDUCATED WOMEN UNEMPLOYED UNEMPLOYMENT UNEMPLOYMENT RATES WAGE DATA WORKER WORKERS WORKING POPULATION YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT RATE This report argues that Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries face a critical choice in their quest for higher private sector growth and more jobs: promote competition, equal opportunities for all entrepreneurs and dismantle existing privileges to specific firms or risk perpetuating the current equilibrium of low job creation. The report shows that policies which lower competition in MENA also constrain private sector development and job creation. The report highlights the central role of promoting competition to stimulate private sector growth. However, there is little evidence on the political economy factors that perpetuate and or accentuate the lack of competition in the region, nor on the type of policy distortions that weaken competition and how those distortions ultimately affect job creation. This report aims to fill these gaps. It tackles the following questions: what types of firms create more jobs in MENA?; are they different from other regions?; what policies in MENA prevent the private sector from creating more jobs?; how do these policies affect competition and job creation?; and to what extent are these policies associated with privileges to politically connected firms? This report provides evidence that privileges granted to politically connected firms are associated with many of the policy distortions that the literature identifies to weaken private sector growth and job creation. This report assembles the most comprehensive firm census database ever put together for the MENA region. This allows to measure accurate characteristics of and trends in firms' demand for labor, and provides reliable representative estimates of both aggregate private sector job creation and productivity growth determinants. The report is organized in four chapters as follows: chapter one analyzes the dynamics and determinants of job creation and tests whether the fundamentals of job creation in MENA are similar to those in fast growing developing and high income countries. Chapter two shows how different policies in MENA countries shaped private sector competition and thus the firm dynamics associated with job growth identified in chapter one. Chapter three documents past industrial policies in MENA and compare the experiences in MENA with the experiences of East Asian countries, highlighting how the differences are linked to policy objective, design, and implementation. Chapter four analyzes how privileges to politically connected firms result in policy distortions that undermine competition and constrain private sector growth and jobs in MENA. The report concludes by laying out the implications for policy of the various findings and lays out the specific areas for policy reform to the roadmap for more private sector growth and jobs in MENA. 2014-08-14T14:52:45Z 2014-08-14T14:52:45Z 2014-06 http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2014/06/19794535/jobs-or-privileges-unleashing-employment-potential-middle-east-north-africa http://hdl.handle.net/10986/19292 English en_US CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/ Washington, DC Economic & Sector Work :: Other Urban Study Economic & Sector Work Middle East and North Africa North Africa Middle East |