Trends in the Education Sector from 1993–98
Vietnam has achieved remarkably high rates of school enrollment and has maintained good social indicators (infant and under-five mortality rates, life expectancy, fertility rate, child nutrition, and access to basic services) compared to other coun...
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| Format: | Policy Research Working Paper |
| Language: | English en_US |
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World Bank, Washington, DC
2014
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| Online Access: | http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2002/09/2026462/trends-education-sector-1993-98 http://hdl.handle.net/10986/19275 |
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okr-10986-192752021-04-23T14:03:42Z Trends in the Education Sector from 1993–98 Nga Nguyet Nguyen ACHIEVEMENT ADDITIONAL RESOURCES AGE GROUP AGED BASIC EDUCATION BASIC SERVICES BETTER-OFF HOUSEHOLDS CLASSROOMS COMPOSITION CURRICULUM DECENTRALIZATION ECONOMIC GROWTH EDUCATION BUDGET EDUCATION FINANCE EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS EDUCATION LEVEL EDUCATION LEVELS EDUCATION SECTOR EDUCATION STATISTICS EDUCATIONAL DISADVANTAGE ENROLLMENT ENROLLMENT RATE ENROLLMENT RATES ENROLMENT RATE ENROLMENT RATES EQUAL OPPORTUNITY ETHNIC GROUPS ETHNIC MINORITIES EXPANDED ACCESS FAMILIES FORMAL EDUCATION GENDER DIFFERENCES GENDER EQUALITY GENDER GAP GER GIRLS GROSS ENROLLMENT GROSS ENROLLMENT RATES GROUP EDUCATION HOMEWORK LEAVING SCHOOL LEVEL OF EDUCATION LEVELS OF EDUCATION LIFE EXPECTANCY LITERACY LIVING STANDARDS MORTALITY NER NET ENROLLMENT NUTRITION PAPERS PARENTS PARTICIPATION RATES PER CAPITA INCOME POOR PERFORMANCE PRIMARY EDUCATION PRIMARY SCHOOL PRIMARY SCHOOLS PRIMARY STUDENTS PRIVATE COSTS PRIVATE EDUCATION PRIVATE SECTOR PUBLIC EXPENDITURE PUBLIC FUNDING PUBLIC PRIMARY PUBLIC SCHOOLS PUBLIC SECTOR QUALITY EDUCATION QUALITY OF EDUCATION REPETITION REPETITION RATE REPETITION RATES RURAL AREAS RURAL CHILDREN SCHOOL CONSTRUCTION SCHOOL CURRICULUM SCHOOL HOURS SCHOOL SUPPLIES SCHOOLING SCHOOLS SECONDARY EDUCATION SECONDARY LEVEL SECONDARY SCHOOLS TEACHER TEACHERS TEACHING TEACHING AIDS TERTIARY EDUCATION TEXT BOOKS TEXTBOOKS TUITION FEES TUTORIALS TUTORING TUTORS UNIVERSAL PRIMARY EDUCATION UNIVERSITIES UPPER PRIMARY URBAN AREAS VOCATIONAL TRAINING WORK EXPERIENCE EDUCATION SECTOR SCHOOL ENROLLMENT SOCIAL INDICATORS INFANT MORTALITY CHILD MORTALITY LIFE EXPECTANCY (HUMAN) FERTILITY RATE CHILD NUTRITION ACCESSIBLE SERVICES BASIC SERVICES EDUCATIONAL FINANCING INCOME GROUPS GENDER DIFFERENCES REGIONAL DISPARITY ETHNIC GROUPS SOCIOECONOMIC CONDITIONS PUBLIC SPENDING PRIMARY EDUCATION ECONOMIC RATE OF CONVERGENCE PRIVATE SECTOR SECONDARY EDUCATION HIGHER EDUCATION Vietnam has achieved remarkably high rates of school enrollment and has maintained good social indicators (infant and under-five mortality rates, life expectancy, fertility rate, child nutrition, and access to basic services) compared to other countries with similar low income per capita. The author documents and analyzes changes in enrollment and education finance in Vietnam from 1993-98. Enrollment rates increased substantially, but the increases were not equally spread across different income groups, regions, gender, and ethnic groups. The higher the level of education, the larger the gap in school enrollment among different socioeconomic groups. Although school fees were no longer compulsory at the primary level, households paid for many other school-related items, such as books, uniforms, private tutors, lunch, and transportation. These costs are a significant financial burden on the poor. On the other hand, there is considerable variation in public spending per student across regions that, when coupled with variation in enrollment rates across regions, resulted in a not pro-poor public spending pattern, although public spending on primary education was neutral in 1998. Finally, the author investigates whether rates of return to education in the private wage sector changed in the 1990s. She concludes that returns to schooling increased substantially between 1992-93 and 1997-98, especially at the upper secondary education and university levels. 2014-08-08T21:42:50Z 2014-08-08T21:42:50Z 2002-09 http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2002/09/2026462/trends-education-sector-1993-98 http://hdl.handle.net/10986/19275 English en_US Policy Research Working Paper;No. 2891 CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/ World Bank, Washington, DC Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper Publications & Research East Asia and Pacific Vietnam |
| repository_type |
Digital Repository |
| institution_category |
Foreign Institution |
| institution |
Digital Repositories |
| building |
World Bank Open Knowledge Repository |
| collection |
World Bank |
| language |
English en_US |
| topic |
ACHIEVEMENT ADDITIONAL RESOURCES AGE GROUP AGED BASIC EDUCATION BASIC SERVICES BETTER-OFF HOUSEHOLDS CLASSROOMS COMPOSITION CURRICULUM DECENTRALIZATION ECONOMIC GROWTH EDUCATION BUDGET EDUCATION FINANCE EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS EDUCATION LEVEL EDUCATION LEVELS EDUCATION SECTOR EDUCATION STATISTICS EDUCATIONAL DISADVANTAGE ENROLLMENT ENROLLMENT RATE ENROLLMENT RATES ENROLMENT RATE ENROLMENT RATES EQUAL OPPORTUNITY ETHNIC GROUPS ETHNIC MINORITIES EXPANDED ACCESS FAMILIES FORMAL EDUCATION GENDER DIFFERENCES GENDER EQUALITY GENDER GAP GER GIRLS GROSS ENROLLMENT GROSS ENROLLMENT RATES GROUP EDUCATION HOMEWORK LEAVING SCHOOL LEVEL OF EDUCATION LEVELS OF EDUCATION LIFE EXPECTANCY LITERACY LIVING STANDARDS MORTALITY NER NET ENROLLMENT NUTRITION PAPERS PARENTS PARTICIPATION RATES PER CAPITA INCOME POOR PERFORMANCE PRIMARY EDUCATION PRIMARY SCHOOL PRIMARY SCHOOLS PRIMARY STUDENTS PRIVATE COSTS PRIVATE EDUCATION PRIVATE SECTOR PUBLIC EXPENDITURE PUBLIC FUNDING PUBLIC PRIMARY PUBLIC SCHOOLS PUBLIC SECTOR QUALITY EDUCATION QUALITY OF EDUCATION REPETITION REPETITION RATE REPETITION RATES RURAL AREAS RURAL CHILDREN SCHOOL CONSTRUCTION SCHOOL CURRICULUM SCHOOL HOURS SCHOOL SUPPLIES SCHOOLING SCHOOLS SECONDARY EDUCATION SECONDARY LEVEL SECONDARY SCHOOLS TEACHER TEACHERS TEACHING TEACHING AIDS TERTIARY EDUCATION TEXT BOOKS TEXTBOOKS TUITION FEES TUTORIALS TUTORING TUTORS UNIVERSAL PRIMARY EDUCATION UNIVERSITIES UPPER PRIMARY URBAN AREAS VOCATIONAL TRAINING WORK EXPERIENCE EDUCATION SECTOR SCHOOL ENROLLMENT SOCIAL INDICATORS INFANT MORTALITY CHILD MORTALITY LIFE EXPECTANCY (HUMAN) FERTILITY RATE CHILD NUTRITION ACCESSIBLE SERVICES BASIC SERVICES EDUCATIONAL FINANCING INCOME GROUPS GENDER DIFFERENCES REGIONAL DISPARITY ETHNIC GROUPS SOCIOECONOMIC CONDITIONS PUBLIC SPENDING PRIMARY EDUCATION ECONOMIC RATE OF CONVERGENCE PRIVATE SECTOR SECONDARY EDUCATION HIGHER EDUCATION |
| spellingShingle |
ACHIEVEMENT ADDITIONAL RESOURCES AGE GROUP AGED BASIC EDUCATION BASIC SERVICES BETTER-OFF HOUSEHOLDS CLASSROOMS COMPOSITION CURRICULUM DECENTRALIZATION ECONOMIC GROWTH EDUCATION BUDGET EDUCATION FINANCE EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS EDUCATION LEVEL EDUCATION LEVELS EDUCATION SECTOR EDUCATION STATISTICS EDUCATIONAL DISADVANTAGE ENROLLMENT ENROLLMENT RATE ENROLLMENT RATES ENROLMENT RATE ENROLMENT RATES EQUAL OPPORTUNITY ETHNIC GROUPS ETHNIC MINORITIES EXPANDED ACCESS FAMILIES FORMAL EDUCATION GENDER DIFFERENCES GENDER EQUALITY GENDER GAP GER GIRLS GROSS ENROLLMENT GROSS ENROLLMENT RATES GROUP EDUCATION HOMEWORK LEAVING SCHOOL LEVEL OF EDUCATION LEVELS OF EDUCATION LIFE EXPECTANCY LITERACY LIVING STANDARDS MORTALITY NER NET ENROLLMENT NUTRITION PAPERS PARENTS PARTICIPATION RATES PER CAPITA INCOME POOR PERFORMANCE PRIMARY EDUCATION PRIMARY SCHOOL PRIMARY SCHOOLS PRIMARY STUDENTS PRIVATE COSTS PRIVATE EDUCATION PRIVATE SECTOR PUBLIC EXPENDITURE PUBLIC FUNDING PUBLIC PRIMARY PUBLIC SCHOOLS PUBLIC SECTOR QUALITY EDUCATION QUALITY OF EDUCATION REPETITION REPETITION RATE REPETITION RATES RURAL AREAS RURAL CHILDREN SCHOOL CONSTRUCTION SCHOOL CURRICULUM SCHOOL HOURS SCHOOL SUPPLIES SCHOOLING SCHOOLS SECONDARY EDUCATION SECONDARY LEVEL SECONDARY SCHOOLS TEACHER TEACHERS TEACHING TEACHING AIDS TERTIARY EDUCATION TEXT BOOKS TEXTBOOKS TUITION FEES TUTORIALS TUTORING TUTORS UNIVERSAL PRIMARY EDUCATION UNIVERSITIES UPPER PRIMARY URBAN AREAS VOCATIONAL TRAINING WORK EXPERIENCE EDUCATION SECTOR SCHOOL ENROLLMENT SOCIAL INDICATORS INFANT MORTALITY CHILD MORTALITY LIFE EXPECTANCY (HUMAN) FERTILITY RATE CHILD NUTRITION ACCESSIBLE SERVICES BASIC SERVICES EDUCATIONAL FINANCING INCOME GROUPS GENDER DIFFERENCES REGIONAL DISPARITY ETHNIC GROUPS SOCIOECONOMIC CONDITIONS PUBLIC SPENDING PRIMARY EDUCATION ECONOMIC RATE OF CONVERGENCE PRIVATE SECTOR SECONDARY EDUCATION HIGHER EDUCATION Nga Nguyet Nguyen Trends in the Education Sector from 1993–98 |
| geographic_facet |
East Asia and Pacific Vietnam |
| relation |
Policy Research Working Paper;No. 2891 |
| description |
Vietnam has achieved remarkably high
rates of school enrollment and has maintained good social
indicators (infant and under-five mortality rates, life
expectancy, fertility rate, child nutrition, and access to
basic services) compared to other countries with similar low
income per capita. The author documents and analyzes changes
in enrollment and education finance in Vietnam from 1993-98.
Enrollment rates increased substantially, but the increases
were not equally spread across different income groups,
regions, gender, and ethnic groups. The higher the level of
education, the larger the gap in school enrollment among
different socioeconomic groups. Although school fees were no
longer compulsory at the primary level, households paid for
many other school-related items, such as books, uniforms,
private tutors, lunch, and transportation. These costs are a
significant financial burden on the poor. On the other hand,
there is considerable variation in public spending per
student across regions that, when coupled with variation in
enrollment rates across regions, resulted in a not pro-poor
public spending pattern, although public spending on primary
education was neutral in 1998. Finally, the author
investigates whether rates of return to education in the
private wage sector changed in the 1990s. She concludes that
returns to schooling increased substantially between 1992-93
and 1997-98, especially at the upper secondary education and
university levels. |
| format |
Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper |
| author |
Nga Nguyet Nguyen |
| author_facet |
Nga Nguyet Nguyen |
| author_sort |
Nga Nguyet Nguyen |
| title |
Trends in the Education Sector from 1993–98 |
| title_short |
Trends in the Education Sector from 1993–98 |
| title_full |
Trends in the Education Sector from 1993–98 |
| title_fullStr |
Trends in the Education Sector from 1993–98 |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Trends in the Education Sector from 1993–98 |
| title_sort |
trends in the education sector from 1993–98 |
| publisher |
World Bank, Washington, DC |
| publishDate |
2014 |
| url |
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2002/09/2026462/trends-education-sector-1993-98 http://hdl.handle.net/10986/19275 |
| _version_ |
1764439657619128320 |