Cleaning Pakistan's Air : Policy Options to Address the Cost of Outdoor Air Pollution

Cleaning Pakistan's Air : Policy Options to Address the Cost of Outdoor Air Pollution

Pakistan's urban air pollution is among the most severe in the world and it engenders significant damages to human health and the economy. Air pollution, inadequate water supply, sanitation, and hygiene are the top environmental priority probl...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors:	Sanchez-Triana, Ernesto, Enriquez, Santiago, Afzal, Javaid, Nakagawa, Akiko, Khan, Asif Shuja
Format:	Publication
Language:	English en_US
Published:	Washington, DC: World Bank 2014
Subjects:	AEROSOL OPTICAL DEPTH AEROSOLS AFFORESTATION AIR AIR EMISSIONS AIR POLLUTANT AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS AIR POLLUTANTS AIR POLLUTION AIR POLLUTION CONCENTRATIONS AIR POLLUTION CONTROL AIR POLLUTION EMISSIONS AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS AMBIENT AIR POLLUTION AMBIENT CONCENTRATIONS ANTHROPOGENIC EMISSIONS ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOLS ATMOSPHERIC EMISSIONS AUTOMOBILE AUTOMOBILE EMISSIONS AUTOMOBILES BICYCLES BIKE PATHS BIOMASS BIOMASS BURNING BOILERS BUS BUSES CADMIUM CARBON CARBON DIOXIDE CARBON INTENSITY CARBON MARKETS CARBON MONOXIDE CARBON SEQUESTRATION CARBON SINKS CARBONACEOUS AEROSOLS CARS CATALYSTS CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES CHEMICALS CLEAN AIR CLEANER FUELS CLIMATE CLIMATE CHANGE CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION CLOUDS CO CO2 COAL COLORS COMBUSTION CONCENTRATIONS OF POLLUTANTS CONGESTION ON ROADS COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS CRUDE OIL DESERTS DIESEL DIESEL BUSES DIESEL CARS DIESEL EMISSIONS DIESEL ENGINES DIESEL FUEL DIESEL VEHICLES DRINKING WATER DROUGHT DUST ELECTRICITY ELECTRICITY GENERATION EMISSION CONTROL EMISSION RATES EMISSION REDUCTION EMISSION REDUCTIONS EMISSION STANDARDS EMISSIONS EMISSIONS FROM INDUSTRY EMISSIONS FROM LAND USE EMISSIONS FROM ROAD EMISSIONS FROM ROAD VEHICLES EMISSIONS INTENSITY EMISSIONS STANDARDS ENERGY CONSUMPTION ENERGY EFFICIENCY ENFORCEMENT OF REGULATIONS ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS FATAL INJURIES FATALITIES FLOODS FOG FOSSIL FUEL FOSSIL FUELS FUEL FUEL OIL FUEL PRICES FUEL SAVINGS FUEL SUBSIDIES FUEL SUPPLY FUEL SWITCHING FUEL TAXES FUEL TYPE FUELS FUGITIVE EMISSIONS GAS CONSUMPTION GAS PRICES GASEOUS POLLUTANTS GASOLINE GASOLINE CONSUMPTION GASOLINE VEHICLES GHG GREENHOUSE GREENHOUSE GASES HIGH OCCUPANCY VEHICLE HIGH SPEEDS HIGHWAYS HYDROCARBONS INDUSTRIAL EMISSIONS INJURY INSPECTION IRON LAND USE LIQUID PETROLEUM GAS LOCAL AIR POLLUTANTS LOCAL AIR POLLUTION LOCAL AIR QUALITY MANGANESE MASS TRANSIT MASS TRANSPORTATION METHANE MIXING HEIGHT MOTOR VEHICLE MOTOR VEHICLES NATURAL GAS NATURAL RESOURCES NEGATIVE IMPACTS NITRATES NITRIC OXIDE NITROGEN NITROGEN DIOXIDE NITROGEN OXIDE NITROGEN OXIDES NITROUS OXIDE NITROUS OXIDE EMISSIONS NO2 NOISE NOX O3 ORGANIC MATTER OZONE PARTICULATE PARTICULATE MATTER PARTICULATES PASSENGER VEHICLES PEDESTRIAN PEDESTRIAN ZONES PETROLEUM GAS PM10 POLICY MAKERS POLLUTANT CONCENTRATIONS POLLUTION CHARGE POLLUTION CONCENTRATIONS POLLUTION CONTROL POLLUTION EXPOSURE POLLUTION LEVELS POLLUTION PROBLEMS POLLUTION REDUCTION POPULATION DENSITY POTASSIUM POWER PLANTS POWER SUPPLY PRICE DISTORTIONS PROPANE PUBLIC SERVICE VEHICLES PUBLIC TRANSPORT PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEMS RAILWAYS RAINFALL RAPID TRANSIT REDUCTIONS IN CONGESTION RENEWABLE ENERGY RETROFITTING RISK MANAGEMENT ROAD ROAD ACCIDENTS ROAD SECTOR ROAD TRAFFIC ROAD TRANSPORT ROAD VEHICLES SAFETY SO2 SOIL CARBON SOX STATIONARY SOURCES STORMS STREET CLEANING SULFATE SULFATE PARTICLES SULFATES SULFUR SULFUR DIOXIDE SULFUR DIOXIDE EMISSIONS SULFUR OXIDES SUSPENDED PARTICLES SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT TAX TIRES TOXIC METALS TRACE ELEMENTS TRADABLE PERMITS TRAFFIC TRAFFIC CONTROL TRAFFIC FLOW TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT TRAFFIC POLLUTION TRAFFIC SIGNALS TRANSPORT TRANSPORT POLICIES TRANSPORT SECTOR TRUCKS UNDERGROUND UNEP UPPER ATMOSPHERE URBAN AIR POLLUTION VEHICLE VEHICLE EMISSION VEHICLE EMISSIONS VEHICLE LANES VEHICLE USAGE VEHICLE USE VOC VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS WEATHER CONDITIONS WIND WIND SPEED ZINC
Online Access:	http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2014/06/19771566/cleaning-pakistans-air-policy-options-address-cost-outdoor-air-pollution http://hdl.handle.net/10986/18887

Description
Summary:	Pakistan's urban air pollution is among the most severe in the world and it engenders significant damages to human health and the economy. Air pollution, inadequate water supply, sanitation, and hygiene are the top environmental priority problems in Pakistan. Industrialization and urbanization, in conjunction with motorization, can result in further deterioration of urban air quality. This book examines policy options to strengthen the Pakistan clean air program (PCAP) to better address the cost imposed by outdoor air pollution upon Pakistan's economy and populace. The approach provided in this book recommends that the federal and provincial environmental protection agencies (EPAs) take on a limited number of high return, essential, and feasible interventions drawn largely from the PCAP. The objective of this book is to examine policy options to control outdoor air pollution in Pakistan. The findings of the analysis aim at assisting the Government of Pakistan (GoP) in the design and implementation of reforms to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of Pakistan's ambient air quality institutions. The overarching theme of this book is that prioritizing interventions is essential to address the cost of outdoor air pollution, given current resource limitations. The book also includes a review of secondary sources, focusing on recent analysis of the effects of different air pollutants on human health, as well as lessons learned from ongoing regional and international efforts to improve ambient air quality. This book has seven chapters. Chapter one gives overview. Chapter two identifies major trends in ambient air pollution, including concentration levels of main pollutants and the identification of principal sources. Chapter three examines the evolution of Pakistan's air quality management (AQM) framework over the period 1993 to 2013. Chapter four examines options to control air pollution from mobile sources, the main contributors of several air pollutants, including noxious fine particulate matter (PM) and its precursors. Chapter five addresses measures to tackle pollution from industrial sources. Chapter six identifies synergies of interventions for air pollution control and climate change mitigation. Chapter seven summarizes the main conclusions of the book.