Toward Cleaner Urban Air in South Asia: Tackling Transport Pollution, Understanding Sources

This ESMAP study was undertaken to provide technical input to support the region-wide process of developing and adopting cost-effective and realistic policies and efficient enforcement mechanisms to reverse the deteriorating trend in urban air qual...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Author:	World Bank
Format:	ESMAP Paper
Language:	English en_US
Published:	World Bank, Washington, DC 2014
Subjects:	ACCELERATION SMOKE ACCELERATION SMOKE EMISSIONS ACCURATE VEHICLE REGISTRATION RECORD ACUTE EXPOSURE ADVERSE HEALTH IMPACT ADVERSE IMPACT AERODYNAMIC DIAMETER AIR POLLUTANTS AIR POLLUTION AIR POLLUTION CONTROL AIR POLLUTION FROM ROAD TRANSPORT AIR QUALITY BENEFITS AIR QUALITY DATA AIR QUALITY IMPROVEMENT AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT AIRBORNE PARTICLES AIRBORNE PARTICULATE MATTER ALTERNATIVE FUEL AMBIENT AIR AMBIENT AIR QUALITY AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS AMBIENT CONCENTRATIONS AMBIENT PARTICULATE CONCENTRATIONS AMMONIUM AUTO FUEL POLICY AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEERS AUTOMOTIVE FUELS AUTOMOTIVE GASOLINE BIOMASS CARBON CARBON COMPOUNDS CARBON DIOXIDE CARBON MONOXIDE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS CHEMICALS CLEANER FUELS CO CO2 COAL COLORS COMBUSTION COMBUSTION SOURCES COMPOSITE URBAN EMISSIONS COMPRESSED NATURAL GAS CONCENTRATIONS CONTROLLING AIR POLLUTION COST-BENEFIT ANALYSES DIESEL DIESEL ENGINES DIESEL FUEL DIESEL SULFUR DIESEL VEHICLES DILUTION OF EXHAUST GAS DUST EFFECTIVE STRATEGY ELIMINATION OF LEAD IN GASOLINE EMISSIONS INSPECTION ENGINE ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH EXHAUST EMISSION STANDARDS FINE PARTICLES FINE PARTICULATE MATTER FUEL COMBUSTION FUEL ECONOMY FUEL OIL FUEL QUALITY FUEL SUPPLY FUEL SWITCHING FUEL TAXATION FUELS GASOLINE GASOLINE ENGINES GASOLINE OCTANE GASOLINE SPECIFICATIONS GASOLINE VEHICLES GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT FACILITY GROSS POLLUTERS HC HEAVY-DUTY VEHICLES HOSPITAL ADMISSIONS HUMAN HEALTH HYDROCARBONS LEVEL OF EMISSIONS LNG LOWER EMISSIONS MAGNESIUM MAGNESIUM OXIDE METALS NITRATE NITRATES NITRIC OXIDE NITROGEN NITROGEN DIOXIDE NO2 NOX OIL OIL SECTOR ORGANIC CARBON OXIDES OXIDES OF NITROGEN OXIDES OF SULFUR OZONE PAH PARTICULATE AIR POLLUTION PARTICULATE EMISSIONS PASSENGER CARS PETROLEUM GAS PM10 POLICY INSTRUMENTS POLYAROMATIC HYDROCARBONS POWER PLANTS PUBLIC TRANSPORT PUBLIC TRANSPORT VEHICLES REDUCING EMISSIONS REFINERIES REMOTE SENSING RESTRICTED ACTIVITY DAYS SMOKE OPACITY SO2 SOX STATIONARY SOURCES SUBSTRATES SULFATE SULFATES SULFUR DIOXIDE SULFUR IN DIESEL SUSPENDED PARTICLES TRAFFIC URBAN AIR URBAN AIR QUALITY URBAN AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT URBAN DEVELOPMENT VEHICLE VEHICLE EMISSION VEHICLE EMISSION STANDARDS VEHICLE EMISSIONS VEHICLE EXHAUST VEHICLE EXHAUST EMISSIONS VEHICLE INSPECTION VEHICLES WILLINGNESS TO PAY WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION
Online Access:	http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2004/03/4958287/toward-cleaner-urban-air-south-asia-tackling-transport-pollution-understanding-sources http://hdl.handle.net/10986/18860

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Summary:	This ESMAP study was undertaken to provide technical input to support the region-wide process of developing and adopting cost-effective and realistic policies and efficient enforcement mechanisms to reverse the deteriorating trend in urban air quality in South Asia. It focused mainly on fine particulate matter, estimated to account for most premature mortality and illnesses caused by outdoor air pollution. Through stakeholder feedback, the study examined two areas where more information and policy analysis could complement ongoing activities on air pollution control: making vehicle emissions inspection more effective and understanding sources of small particulate matter. Poorly maintained older technology vehicles contribute disproportionately to total vehicular emissions. A common approach to identifying gross polluters and ensuring that they are repaired or retired is a vehicle inspection and maintenance (I/M) program. The analysis carried out in this study recommends that limited resources be concentrated on applying more robust (but also costly) test protocols to vehicle categories in large cities likely to contain a disproportionately large fraction of high annual-kilometer, gross polluters (for example, commercial diesel vehicles). The ultimate goal of I/M is to reduce human exposure to elevated concentrations of harmful pollutants. Where air pollution is not serious, the number of people exposed is not large, or for vehicles that are not driven many kilometers a year or do not pollute much (such as new gasoline vehicles), the benefit of testing vehicles would be much less limited, if not negligibly small.

Toward Cleaner Urban Air in South Asia: Tackling Transport Pollution, Understanding Sources

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