India : Women, Work and Employment

Since economic liberalization in the early 1990s, India has experienced high economic growth and made considerable progress in gender equality in areas such as primary education. However, it fared poorly on gender-parity in labor force participatio...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Author: World Bank
Format: Women in Development and Gender Study
Language:English
en_US
Published: Washington, DC 2014
Subjects:
SEX
WDR
Online Access:http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2014/02/19705491/india-women-work-employment
http://hdl.handle.net/10986/18737
id okr-10986-18737
recordtype oai_dc
repository_type Digital Repository
institution_category Foreign Institution
institution Digital Repositories
building World Bank Open Knowledge Repository
collection World Bank
language English
en_US
topic ACCESS TO LAND
ACCESS TO MARKETS
ACCESS TO SERVICES
ACQUISITION OF SKILLS
ADULT WOMEN
AGE CATEGORIES
AGE GROUP
AGGREGATE PRODUCTIVITY
AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT
ALTERNATIVE EMPLOYMENT
AVERAGE WAGE
BARRIERS TO WOMEN
BASIC VALUES
CASUAL WORKERS
CHILD CARE
CHILD-BEARING
CLERKS
COLLEGE GRADUATES
CREATING OPPORTUNITIES
CULTURAL PRACTICES
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
DISADVANTAGED GROUPS
DISCRIMINATION
DRIVERS
EARNING
ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT
ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN
ECONOMIC GROWTH
ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES
ECONOMIC POLICIES
ECONOMIC STATUS
EDUCATION FOR GIRLS
EDUCATION OF GIRLS
EDUCATIONAL LEVEL
ELDERLY
EMPLOYMENT CREATION
EMPLOYMENT GENERATION
EMPLOYMENT GROWTH
EMPLOYMENT GUARANTEE
EMPLOYMENT GUARANTEE SCHEME
EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES
EMPLOYMENT RATES
EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN
ENHANCING WOMEN
ENROLMENT OF GIRLS
ENROLMENT RATES
EQUAL WORK
EXPORT MARKETS
FAMILY WORK
FEMALE
FEMALE EDUCATION
FEMALE LABOR
FEMALE LABOR FORCE
FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION
FEMALE WORK
FEMALE WORKERS
FEMALES
FEMINIZATION OF POVERTY
FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT
GENDER
GENDER ASYMMETRIES
GENDER DIFFERENCES
GENDER DIFFERENTIALS
GENDER DISPARITIES
GENDER EQUALITY
GENDER GAP
GENDER GAPS
GENDER IDENTITIES
GENDER IMBALANCES
GENDER INEQUALITIES
GENDER INEQUALITY
GENDER ISSUES
GENDER PARITY
GENDER PERSPECTIVE
GENDER ROLES
GENDER STEREOTYPING
GENDER WAGE GAPS
GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT
GROWTH OF WOMEN
HEALTH OF WOMEN
HOME
HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION
HOUSEHOLD LEVEL
HOUSEHOLD RESPONSIBILITIES
HOUSEHOLD SIZE
HUMAN CAPITAL
HUMAN RESOURCE
HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
HUSBANDS
IMPORTANT POLICY
INDIVIDUAL ·HEALTH
INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION
INFORMAL SECTOR
INFORMAL SECTORS
INTERNATIONAL TRADE
INTERVENTIONS
JOB MARKET
JOB OPPORTUNITIES
JOBLESS GROWTH
JOBS
LABOR DEMAND
LABOR FORCE
LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION
LABOR MARKET
LABOR MARKET SEGMENTATION
LABOR MARKETS
LABOR REGULATION
LABOR REGULATIONS
LABOR SUPPLY
LABORERS
LABOUR
LABOUR FORCE
LABOUR FORCE PARTICIPATION
LABOUR FORCE PARTICIPATION RATES
LAWS
LEGISLATORS
LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT
LEVEL OF EDUCATION
LEVELS OF EDUCATION
LITERACY
LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES
MALE COUNTERPARTS
MALE PARTICIPATION
MARITAL STATUS
MARKET WAGES
MARRIED MEN
MARRIED WOMEN
MINIMUM WAGE
MODERNIZATION
MUSLIM WOMEN
NATIONAL POLICY
NATURAL RESOURCES
NUMBER OF WOMEN
OCCUPATIONS
OLD MEN
OPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMEN
PARTICIPATION OF WOMEN
PATTERNS OF CONSUMPTION
POLICY IMPLICATIONS
POOR HEALTH
POOR WOMEN
PRIMARY EDUCATION
PRIMARY SCHOOL
PRODUCTION PROCESSES
PRODUCTIVITY
PROGRESS
PROGRESS TOWARDS GENDER EQUALITY
RELIGIOUS GROUPS
REMITTANCES
RETURNS TO EDUCATION
RURAL AREAS
RURAL DEVELOPMENT
RURAL EMPLOYMENT
RURAL GIRLS
RURAL WOMEN
RURAL WORKERS
SALARIED WORKERS
SCHOOLING
SCHOOLS
SECONDARY EDUCATION
SECONDARY SCHOOL
SECONDARY SCHOOL EDUCATION
SELF EMPLOYED
SELF EMPLOYED WORKERS
SERVICE SECTOR
SERVICE SECTORS
SEX
SEXUAL HARASSMENT
SHARE OF WORK
SKILLED WOMEN
SKILLED WORKERS
SKILLS DEVELOPMENT
SOCIAL BARRIERS
SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
SOCIAL GROUP
SOCIAL GROUPS
SOCIAL MOBILIZATION
SOCIAL NORMS
SOCIAL SECURITY
SOCIAL SERVICES
SOCIAL STATUS
SOCIETAL NORMS
SPOUSES
SUPPORT SERVICES
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC GROWTH
TECHNICAL EDUCATION
TEMPORARY WORK
TERTIARY EDUCATION
TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY
TRAINING INDIVIDUAL
TRAINING PROGRAMS
UNEDUCATED WOMEN
UNIONS
UNMARRIED MEN
UNMARRIED WOMEN
UNPAID FAMILY WORKERS
URBAN AREAS
URBAN EMPLOYMENT
URBAN POPULATION
URBAN WOMEN
VIOLENCE
WAGE EMPLOYMENT
WAGE GAP
WAGE RATES
WATER SUPPLY
WDR
WILL
WOMAN
WOMEN IN AGRICULTURE
WOMEN WORKERS
WORK FORCE
WORKFORCE
WORKING CONDITIONS
WORKING WOMEN
WORKING-AGE POPULATION
WORKING-AGE POPULATIONS
YOUNG WOMEN
YOUTH
spellingShingle ACCESS TO LAND
ACCESS TO MARKETS
ACCESS TO SERVICES
ACQUISITION OF SKILLS
ADULT WOMEN
AGE CATEGORIES
AGE GROUP
AGGREGATE PRODUCTIVITY
AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT
ALTERNATIVE EMPLOYMENT
AVERAGE WAGE
BARRIERS TO WOMEN
BASIC VALUES
CASUAL WORKERS
CHILD CARE
CHILD-BEARING
CLERKS
COLLEGE GRADUATES
CREATING OPPORTUNITIES
CULTURAL PRACTICES
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
DISADVANTAGED GROUPS
DISCRIMINATION
DRIVERS
EARNING
ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT
ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN
ECONOMIC GROWTH
ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES
ECONOMIC POLICIES
ECONOMIC STATUS
EDUCATION FOR GIRLS
EDUCATION OF GIRLS
EDUCATIONAL LEVEL
ELDERLY
EMPLOYMENT CREATION
EMPLOYMENT GENERATION
EMPLOYMENT GROWTH
EMPLOYMENT GUARANTEE
EMPLOYMENT GUARANTEE SCHEME
EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES
EMPLOYMENT RATES
EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN
ENHANCING WOMEN
ENROLMENT OF GIRLS
ENROLMENT RATES
EQUAL WORK
EXPORT MARKETS
FAMILY WORK
FEMALE
FEMALE EDUCATION
FEMALE LABOR
FEMALE LABOR FORCE
FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION
FEMALE WORK
FEMALE WORKERS
FEMALES
FEMINIZATION OF POVERTY
FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT
GENDER
GENDER ASYMMETRIES
GENDER DIFFERENCES
GENDER DIFFERENTIALS
GENDER DISPARITIES
GENDER EQUALITY
GENDER GAP
GENDER GAPS
GENDER IDENTITIES
GENDER IMBALANCES
GENDER INEQUALITIES
GENDER INEQUALITY
GENDER ISSUES
GENDER PARITY
GENDER PERSPECTIVE
GENDER ROLES
GENDER STEREOTYPING
GENDER WAGE GAPS
GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT
GROWTH OF WOMEN
HEALTH OF WOMEN
HOME
HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION
HOUSEHOLD LEVEL
HOUSEHOLD RESPONSIBILITIES
HOUSEHOLD SIZE
HUMAN CAPITAL
HUMAN RESOURCE
HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
HUSBANDS
IMPORTANT POLICY
INDIVIDUAL ·HEALTH
INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION
INFORMAL SECTOR
INFORMAL SECTORS
INTERNATIONAL TRADE
INTERVENTIONS
JOB MARKET
JOB OPPORTUNITIES
JOBLESS GROWTH
JOBS
LABOR DEMAND
LABOR FORCE
LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION
LABOR MARKET
LABOR MARKET SEGMENTATION
LABOR MARKETS
LABOR REGULATION
LABOR REGULATIONS
LABOR SUPPLY
LABORERS
LABOUR
LABOUR FORCE
LABOUR FORCE PARTICIPATION
LABOUR FORCE PARTICIPATION RATES
LAWS
LEGISLATORS
LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT
LEVEL OF EDUCATION
LEVELS OF EDUCATION
LITERACY
LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES
MALE COUNTERPARTS
MALE PARTICIPATION
MARITAL STATUS
MARKET WAGES
MARRIED MEN
MARRIED WOMEN
MINIMUM WAGE
MODERNIZATION
MUSLIM WOMEN
NATIONAL POLICY
NATURAL RESOURCES
NUMBER OF WOMEN
OCCUPATIONS
OLD MEN
OPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMEN
PARTICIPATION OF WOMEN
PATTERNS OF CONSUMPTION
POLICY IMPLICATIONS
POOR HEALTH
POOR WOMEN
PRIMARY EDUCATION
PRIMARY SCHOOL
PRODUCTION PROCESSES
PRODUCTIVITY
PROGRESS
PROGRESS TOWARDS GENDER EQUALITY
RELIGIOUS GROUPS
REMITTANCES
RETURNS TO EDUCATION
RURAL AREAS
RURAL DEVELOPMENT
RURAL EMPLOYMENT
RURAL GIRLS
RURAL WOMEN
RURAL WORKERS
SALARIED WORKERS
SCHOOLING
SCHOOLS
SECONDARY EDUCATION
SECONDARY SCHOOL
SECONDARY SCHOOL EDUCATION
SELF EMPLOYED
SELF EMPLOYED WORKERS
SERVICE SECTOR
SERVICE SECTORS
SEX
SEXUAL HARASSMENT
SHARE OF WORK
SKILLED WOMEN
SKILLED WORKERS
SKILLS DEVELOPMENT
SOCIAL BARRIERS
SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
SOCIAL GROUP
SOCIAL GROUPS
SOCIAL MOBILIZATION
SOCIAL NORMS
SOCIAL SECURITY
SOCIAL SERVICES
SOCIAL STATUS
SOCIETAL NORMS
SPOUSES
SUPPORT SERVICES
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC GROWTH
TECHNICAL EDUCATION
TEMPORARY WORK
TERTIARY EDUCATION
TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY
TRAINING INDIVIDUAL
TRAINING PROGRAMS
UNEDUCATED WOMEN
UNIONS
UNMARRIED MEN
UNMARRIED WOMEN
UNPAID FAMILY WORKERS
URBAN AREAS
URBAN EMPLOYMENT
URBAN POPULATION
URBAN WOMEN
VIOLENCE
WAGE EMPLOYMENT
WAGE GAP
WAGE RATES
WATER SUPPLY
WDR
WILL
WOMAN
WOMEN IN AGRICULTURE
WOMEN WORKERS
WORK FORCE
WORKFORCE
WORKING CONDITIONS
WORKING WOMEN
WORKING-AGE POPULATION
WORKING-AGE POPULATIONS
YOUNG WOMEN
YOUTH
World Bank
India : Women, Work and Employment
geographic_facet South Asia
India
description Since economic liberalization in the early 1990s, India has experienced high economic growth and made considerable progress in gender equality in areas such as primary education. However, it fared poorly on gender-parity in labor force participation (LFP). During the period between 1993-94 and 2011-12, female labor force participation rate (LFPR) remained consistently low as compared to male participation. More alarming is the fact that female participation rate declined steadily during the same period, particularly in rural areas. The low level along with declining trend in rural female LFP poses a serious threat of 'missing gender' in the labor force. Although economic growth added jobs for both men and women in India till 2005, Indian women lost jobs in the next seven years, while men continued to gain, thereby widening the gender gap. The actual figures in 2012 suggest that approximately 35 to 40 million women are 'missing' from the labor force, had female LFP grown at the same rate as it had between 1999 and 2005.1 This represents a troubling trend considering the potential of these women to contribute to the country's productivity. To better understand the existing situation, this report investigates gender and female labor force dynamics by drawing mostly on data from five rounds of the National Sample Survey, India, between 1993-94 and 2011-12. Key findings from the study are grouped below in three sections. First section describes the dynamics of female LFP looking at its evolution in previous two decades. The next section presents the drivers of low level of female participation and its declining trend. The last section proposes possible areas of action.
format Economic & Sector Work :: Women in Development and Gender Study
author World Bank
author_facet World Bank
author_sort World Bank
title India : Women, Work and Employment
title_short India : Women, Work and Employment
title_full India : Women, Work and Employment
title_fullStr India : Women, Work and Employment
title_full_unstemmed India : Women, Work and Employment
title_sort india : women, work and employment
publisher Washington, DC
publishDate 2014
url http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2014/02/19705491/india-women-work-employment
http://hdl.handle.net/10986/18737
_version_ 1764442571996659712
spelling okr-10986-187372021-04-23T14:03:49Z India : Women, Work and Employment World Bank ACCESS TO LAND ACCESS TO MARKETS ACCESS TO SERVICES ACQUISITION OF SKILLS ADULT WOMEN AGE CATEGORIES AGE GROUP AGGREGATE PRODUCTIVITY AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT ALTERNATIVE EMPLOYMENT AVERAGE WAGE BARRIERS TO WOMEN BASIC VALUES CASUAL WORKERS CHILD CARE CHILD-BEARING CLERKS COLLEGE GRADUATES CREATING OPPORTUNITIES CULTURAL PRACTICES DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DISADVANTAGED GROUPS DISCRIMINATION DRIVERS EARNING ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES ECONOMIC POLICIES ECONOMIC STATUS EDUCATION FOR GIRLS EDUCATION OF GIRLS EDUCATIONAL LEVEL ELDERLY EMPLOYMENT CREATION EMPLOYMENT GENERATION EMPLOYMENT GROWTH EMPLOYMENT GUARANTEE EMPLOYMENT GUARANTEE SCHEME EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES EMPLOYMENT RATES EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN ENHANCING WOMEN ENROLMENT OF GIRLS ENROLMENT RATES EQUAL WORK EXPORT MARKETS FAMILY WORK FEMALE FEMALE EDUCATION FEMALE LABOR FEMALE LABOR FORCE FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION FEMALE WORK FEMALE WORKERS FEMALES FEMINIZATION OF POVERTY FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT GENDER GENDER ASYMMETRIES GENDER DIFFERENCES GENDER DIFFERENTIALS GENDER DISPARITIES GENDER EQUALITY GENDER GAP GENDER GAPS GENDER IDENTITIES GENDER IMBALANCES GENDER INEQUALITIES GENDER INEQUALITY GENDER ISSUES GENDER PARITY GENDER PERSPECTIVE GENDER ROLES GENDER STEREOTYPING GENDER WAGE GAPS GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT GROWTH OF WOMEN HEALTH OF WOMEN HOME HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION HOUSEHOLD LEVEL HOUSEHOLD RESPONSIBILITIES HOUSEHOLD SIZE HUMAN CAPITAL HUMAN RESOURCE HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT HUSBANDS IMPORTANT POLICY INDIVIDUAL ·HEALTH INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION INFORMAL SECTOR INFORMAL SECTORS INTERNATIONAL TRADE INTERVENTIONS JOB MARKET JOB OPPORTUNITIES JOBLESS GROWTH JOBS LABOR DEMAND LABOR FORCE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION LABOR MARKET LABOR MARKET SEGMENTATION LABOR MARKETS LABOR REGULATION LABOR REGULATIONS LABOR SUPPLY LABORERS LABOUR LABOUR FORCE LABOUR FORCE PARTICIPATION LABOUR FORCE PARTICIPATION RATES LAWS LEGISLATORS LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT LEVEL OF EDUCATION LEVELS OF EDUCATION LITERACY LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES MALE COUNTERPARTS MALE PARTICIPATION MARITAL STATUS MARKET WAGES MARRIED MEN MARRIED WOMEN MINIMUM WAGE MODERNIZATION MUSLIM WOMEN NATIONAL POLICY NATURAL RESOURCES NUMBER OF WOMEN OCCUPATIONS OLD MEN OPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMEN PARTICIPATION OF WOMEN PATTERNS OF CONSUMPTION POLICY IMPLICATIONS POOR HEALTH POOR WOMEN PRIMARY EDUCATION PRIMARY SCHOOL PRODUCTION PROCESSES PRODUCTIVITY PROGRESS PROGRESS TOWARDS GENDER EQUALITY RELIGIOUS GROUPS REMITTANCES RETURNS TO EDUCATION RURAL AREAS RURAL DEVELOPMENT RURAL EMPLOYMENT RURAL GIRLS RURAL WOMEN RURAL WORKERS SALARIED WORKERS SCHOOLING SCHOOLS SECONDARY EDUCATION SECONDARY SCHOOL SECONDARY SCHOOL EDUCATION SELF EMPLOYED SELF EMPLOYED WORKERS SERVICE SECTOR SERVICE SECTORS SEX SEXUAL HARASSMENT SHARE OF WORK SKILLED WOMEN SKILLED WORKERS SKILLS DEVELOPMENT SOCIAL BARRIERS SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT SOCIAL GROUP SOCIAL GROUPS SOCIAL MOBILIZATION SOCIAL NORMS SOCIAL SECURITY SOCIAL SERVICES SOCIAL STATUS SOCIETAL NORMS SPOUSES SUPPORT SERVICES SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC GROWTH TECHNICAL EDUCATION TEMPORARY WORK TERTIARY EDUCATION TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY TRAINING INDIVIDUAL TRAINING PROGRAMS UNEDUCATED WOMEN UNIONS UNMARRIED MEN UNMARRIED WOMEN UNPAID FAMILY WORKERS URBAN AREAS URBAN EMPLOYMENT URBAN POPULATION URBAN WOMEN VIOLENCE WAGE EMPLOYMENT WAGE GAP WAGE RATES WATER SUPPLY WDR WILL WOMAN WOMEN IN AGRICULTURE WOMEN WORKERS WORK FORCE WORKFORCE WORKING CONDITIONS WORKING WOMEN WORKING-AGE POPULATION WORKING-AGE POPULATIONS YOUNG WOMEN YOUTH Since economic liberalization in the early 1990s, India has experienced high economic growth and made considerable progress in gender equality in areas such as primary education. However, it fared poorly on gender-parity in labor force participation (LFP). During the period between 1993-94 and 2011-12, female labor force participation rate (LFPR) remained consistently low as compared to male participation. More alarming is the fact that female participation rate declined steadily during the same period, particularly in rural areas. The low level along with declining trend in rural female LFP poses a serious threat of 'missing gender' in the labor force. Although economic growth added jobs for both men and women in India till 2005, Indian women lost jobs in the next seven years, while men continued to gain, thereby widening the gender gap. The actual figures in 2012 suggest that approximately 35 to 40 million women are 'missing' from the labor force, had female LFP grown at the same rate as it had between 1999 and 2005.1 This represents a troubling trend considering the potential of these women to contribute to the country's productivity. To better understand the existing situation, this report investigates gender and female labor force dynamics by drawing mostly on data from five rounds of the National Sample Survey, India, between 1993-94 and 2011-12. Key findings from the study are grouped below in three sections. First section describes the dynamics of female LFP looking at its evolution in previous two decades. The next section presents the drivers of low level of female participation and its declining trend. The last section proposes possible areas of action. 2014-06-25T14:32:04Z 2014-06-25T14:32:04Z 2014-02-26 http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2014/02/19705491/india-women-work-employment http://hdl.handle.net/10986/18737 English en_US CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/ Washington, DC Economic & Sector Work :: Women in Development and Gender Study Economic & Sector Work South Asia India