Mitigating Climate Change through Restoration and Management of Coastal Wetlands and Near-shore Marine Ecosystems : Challenges and Opportunities

There is overwhelming consensus amongst climate scientists that the Earth's warming in recent decades has been caused primarily by human activities that have increased the amount of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere. To mitigate the mo...

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Main Authors:	Crooks, Stephen, Herr, Dorothée, Tamelander, Jerker, Laffoley, Dan, Vandever, Justin
Format:	Working Paper
Language:	English en_US
Published:	World Bank, Washington, DC 2014
Subjects:	ACID AFFORESTATION AGRICULTURAL LAND AGRICULTURE AIR AIR POLLUTION AMMONIA ANAEROBIC CONDITIONS ANNUAL LOSS ANTHROPOGENIC EMISSIONS ATMOSPHERE BACTERIA BAY BEACH BIODIVERSITY BIOLOGICAL CARBON SEQUESTRATION BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY BIOMASS BIRDS BRACKISH MARSHES BRACKISH WETLANDS BURIED SEDIMENTS CARBON ACCOUNTING CARBON ACCUMULATION CARBON BALANCE CARBON BUDGET CARBON CONTENT CARBON CYCLE CARBON DIOXIDE CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS CARBON EMISSIONS CARBON FLOWS CARBON IN SOILS CARBON LOSS CARBON LOSSES CARBON MARKETS CARBON OFFSET CARBON POOL CARBON POOLS CARBON PRICES CARBON RELEASE CARBON SEQUESTRATION CARBON SEQUESTRATION CAPACITY CARBON SINKS CARBON STOCK CARBON STOCKS CARBON STORAGE CARBON STORES CASE STUDIES CH4 CLIMATE CLIMATE CHANGE CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION CO CO2 CO2 FLUX COAST COASTAL AREAS COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS COASTAL LOWLANDS COASTAL WETLAND SYSTEMS COASTAL WETLANDS COASTS COMMERCIAL FISHERIES CONSERVATION CONTINENTAL SHELF CORAL REEFS CROPLAND CURRENTS DATA COLLECTION DEGRADED AREAS DEGRADED ECOSYSTEMS DEGRADING WATER QUALITY DENITRIFICATION DIVERGENCE DRAINAGE DREDGING DRY WEIGHT ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS ECOLOGICAL INTEGRITY ECOLOGICAL PROCESSES ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION ECOSYSTEM ECOSYSTEM CARBON ECOSYSTEMS EMISSION EMISSION ESTIMATES EMISSION REDUCTION EMISSION REDUCTION OBLIGATIONS EMISSIONS EMISSIONS ESTIMATES EMISSIONS FROM DEFORESTATION EMISSIONS FROM SOURCES EMISSIONS INVENTORIES EMISSIONS REDUCTION EROSION ESTIMATES OF EMISSIONS ESTUARIES ESTUARINE ESTUARINE WATERS EUTROPHICATION FISH FISHERIES FLOOD CONTROL FLOODING FOOD PRODUCTION FOREST FOREST AREA FOREST CARBON FOREST CARBON STOCK FOREST CARBON STOCKS FOREST DEGRADATION FOREST MANAGEMENT FOREST RESTORATION FOREST SECTOR FOREST TYPES FORESTED WETLANDS FORESTRY FORESTRY ACTIVITIES FORESTS FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE FRESHWATER FRESHWATER SYSTEMS FRESHWATER WETLANDS GEOLOGICAL SURVEY GHG GHGS GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE GRASSLANDS GREENHOUSE GREENHOUSE GAS GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS GREENHOUSE GAS INVENTORIES GREENHOUSE GASES HABITAT TYPES HABITATS HEAVY METALS HOUSING HUMAN ACTIVITIES HYDROLOGY INTERTIDAL WETLANDS IPCC IRON LAND SUBSIDENCE LAND USE LAND USE CHANGE LAND USES LANDFILL LOW-CARBON MANAGED FORESTS MANAGED WETLANDS MANGROVE FOREST MANGROVE FORESTS MANGROVES MARINE ENVIRONMENTS MARSH MEADOWS METHANE METHANE EMISSIONS METHANE PRODUCTION MITIGATION MONTREAL PROTOCOL N2O NATIVE SPECIES NATURAL WETLAND NATURAL WETLANDS NITRATE NITRIFICATION NITRITE NITROGEN NITROUS OXIDE NON-NATIVE SPECIES NUTRIENT CYCLING NUTRIENTS OCEANS OIL PALM ORGANIC CARBON ORGANIC MATERIAL ORGANIC MATTER ORGANIC SOILS OXIDATION OXYGEN PARTICULATE PEAT PEAT SOILS PLANTATIONS POLLUTANTS PRESERVATION QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS RANGES RESERVOIRS RESTORATION RESTORATION ACTIVITIES RESTORATION PROJECTS RESTORATION ACTIONS RIVER RUNOFF SALINITY SALT MARSH SALT MARSH VEGETATION SALT MARSHES SATELLITE IMAGES SATURATED SOIL SATURATED SOIL CONDITIONS SATURATED SOILS SEA LEVEL RISE SEA WATER SEAGRASS BEDS SEAGRASS HABITATS SEAGRASSES SEDIMENT SEDIMENTS SHORE SHORELINES SINK SOIL CARBON SPECIES SULPHATE SULPHURIC ACID SURFACE CARBON SUSPENDED SEDIMENT SUSPENDED SEDIMENTS SWAMPS TERM RESTORATION TIDAL FLATS TIDAL MARSH TIDAL MARSHES TIDAL WETLAND TIDAL WETLANDS UNEP VEGETATION WATER TABLE WETLAND WETLAND CONVERSION WETLAND CREATION WETLAND DISTRIBUTION WETLAND DRAINAGE WETLAND LOSS WETLAND MANAGEMENT WETLAND MANAGERS WETLAND RESTORATION WETLAND SOIL WETLAND SOILS WETLAND TYPES WETLANDS LOSS WETLANDS MANAGEMENT WETLANDS RESTORATION WILDLIFE WIND
Online Access:	http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2011/03/14020778/mitigating-climate-change-through-restoration-management-coastal-wetlands-near-shore-marine-ecosystems-challenges-opportunities http://hdl.handle.net/10986/18318

id	okr-10986-18318
recordtype	oai_dc
repository_type	Digital Repository
institution_category	Foreign Institution
institution	Digital Repositories
building	World Bank Open Knowledge Repository
collection	World Bank
language	English en_US
topic	ACID AFFORESTATION AGRICULTURAL LAND AGRICULTURE AIR AIR POLLUTION AMMONIA ANAEROBIC CONDITIONS ANNUAL LOSS ANTHROPOGENIC EMISSIONS ATMOSPHERE BACTERIA BAY BEACH BIODIVERSITY BIOLOGICAL CARBON SEQUESTRATION BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY BIOMASS BIRDS BRACKISH MARSHES BRACKISH WETLANDS BURIED SEDIMENTS CARBON ACCOUNTING CARBON ACCUMULATION CARBON BALANCE CARBON BUDGET CARBON CONTENT CARBON CYCLE CARBON DIOXIDE CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS CARBON EMISSIONS CARBON FLOWS CARBON IN SOILS CARBON LOSS CARBON LOSSES CARBON MARKETS CARBON OFFSET CARBON POOL CARBON POOLS CARBON PRICES CARBON RELEASE CARBON SEQUESTRATION CARBON SEQUESTRATION CAPACITY CARBON SINKS CARBON STOCK CARBON STOCKS CARBON STORAGE CARBON STORES CASE STUDIES CH4 CLIMATE CLIMATE CHANGE CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION CO CO2 CO2 FLUX COAST COASTAL AREAS COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS COASTAL LOWLANDS COASTAL WETLAND SYSTEMS COASTAL WETLANDS COASTS COMMERCIAL FISHERIES CONSERVATION CONTINENTAL SHELF CORAL REEFS CROPLAND CURRENTS DATA COLLECTION DEGRADED AREAS DEGRADED ECOSYSTEMS DEGRADING WATER QUALITY DENITRIFICATION DIVERGENCE DRAINAGE DREDGING DRY WEIGHT ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS ECOLOGICAL INTEGRITY ECOLOGICAL PROCESSES ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION ECOSYSTEM ECOSYSTEM CARBON ECOSYSTEMS EMISSION EMISSION ESTIMATES EMISSION REDUCTION EMISSION REDUCTION OBLIGATIONS EMISSIONS EMISSIONS ESTIMATES EMISSIONS FROM DEFORESTATION EMISSIONS FROM SOURCES EMISSIONS INVENTORIES EMISSIONS REDUCTION EROSION ESTIMATES OF EMISSIONS ESTUARIES ESTUARINE ESTUARINE WATERS EUTROPHICATION FISH FISHERIES FLOOD CONTROL FLOODING FOOD PRODUCTION FOREST FOREST AREA FOREST CARBON FOREST CARBON STOCK FOREST CARBON STOCKS FOREST DEGRADATION FOREST MANAGEMENT FOREST RESTORATION FOREST SECTOR FOREST TYPES FORESTED WETLANDS FORESTRY FORESTRY ACTIVITIES FORESTS FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE FRESHWATER FRESHWATER SYSTEMS FRESHWATER WETLANDS GEOLOGICAL SURVEY GHG GHGS GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE GRASSLANDS GREENHOUSE GREENHOUSE GAS GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS GREENHOUSE GAS INVENTORIES GREENHOUSE GASES HABITAT TYPES HABITATS HEAVY METALS HOUSING HUMAN ACTIVITIES HYDROLOGY INTERTIDAL WETLANDS IPCC IRON LAND SUBSIDENCE LAND USE LAND USE CHANGE LAND USES LANDFILL LOW-CARBON MANAGED FORESTS MANAGED WETLANDS MANGROVE FOREST MANGROVE FORESTS MANGROVES MARINE ENVIRONMENTS MARSH MEADOWS METHANE METHANE EMISSIONS METHANE PRODUCTION MITIGATION MONTREAL PROTOCOL N2O NATIVE SPECIES NATURAL WETLAND NATURAL WETLANDS NITRATE NITRIFICATION NITRITE NITROGEN NITROUS OXIDE NON-NATIVE SPECIES NUTRIENT CYCLING NUTRIENTS OCEANS OIL PALM ORGANIC CARBON ORGANIC MATERIAL ORGANIC MATTER ORGANIC SOILS OXIDATION OXYGEN PARTICULATE PEAT PEAT SOILS PLANTATIONS POLLUTANTS PRESERVATION QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS RANGES RESERVOIRS RESTORATION RESTORATION ACTIVITIES RESTORATION PROJECTS RESTORATION ACTIONS RIVER RUNOFF SALINITY SALT MARSH SALT MARSH VEGETATION SALT MARSHES SATELLITE IMAGES SATURATED SOIL SATURATED SOIL CONDITIONS SATURATED SOILS SEA LEVEL RISE SEA WATER SEAGRASS BEDS SEAGRASS HABITATS SEAGRASSES SEDIMENT SEDIMENTS SHORE SHORELINES SINK SOIL CARBON SPECIES SULPHATE SULPHURIC ACID SURFACE CARBON SUSPENDED SEDIMENT SUSPENDED SEDIMENTS SWAMPS TERM RESTORATION TIDAL FLATS TIDAL MARSH TIDAL MARSHES TIDAL WETLAND TIDAL WETLANDS UNEP VEGETATION WATER TABLE WETLAND WETLAND CONVERSION WETLAND CREATION WETLAND DISTRIBUTION WETLAND DRAINAGE WETLAND LOSS WETLAND MANAGEMENT WETLAND MANAGERS WETLAND RESTORATION WETLAND SOIL WETLAND SOILS WETLAND TYPES WETLANDS LOSS WETLANDS MANAGEMENT WETLANDS RESTORATION WILDLIFE WIND
spellingShingle	ACID AFFORESTATION AGRICULTURAL LAND AGRICULTURE AIR AIR POLLUTION AMMONIA ANAEROBIC CONDITIONS ANNUAL LOSS ANTHROPOGENIC EMISSIONS ATMOSPHERE BACTERIA BAY BEACH BIODIVERSITY BIOLOGICAL CARBON SEQUESTRATION BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY BIOMASS BIRDS BRACKISH MARSHES BRACKISH WETLANDS BURIED SEDIMENTS CARBON ACCOUNTING CARBON ACCUMULATION CARBON BALANCE CARBON BUDGET CARBON CONTENT CARBON CYCLE CARBON DIOXIDE CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS CARBON EMISSIONS CARBON FLOWS CARBON IN SOILS CARBON LOSS CARBON LOSSES CARBON MARKETS CARBON OFFSET CARBON POOL CARBON POOLS CARBON PRICES CARBON RELEASE CARBON SEQUESTRATION CARBON SEQUESTRATION CAPACITY CARBON SINKS CARBON STOCK CARBON STOCKS CARBON STORAGE CARBON STORES CASE STUDIES CH4 CLIMATE CLIMATE CHANGE CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION CO CO2 CO2 FLUX COAST COASTAL AREAS COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS COASTAL LOWLANDS COASTAL WETLAND SYSTEMS COASTAL WETLANDS COASTS COMMERCIAL FISHERIES CONSERVATION CONTINENTAL SHELF CORAL REEFS CROPLAND CURRENTS DATA COLLECTION DEGRADED AREAS DEGRADED ECOSYSTEMS DEGRADING WATER QUALITY DENITRIFICATION DIVERGENCE DRAINAGE DREDGING DRY WEIGHT ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS ECOLOGICAL INTEGRITY ECOLOGICAL PROCESSES ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION ECOSYSTEM ECOSYSTEM CARBON ECOSYSTEMS EMISSION EMISSION ESTIMATES EMISSION REDUCTION EMISSION REDUCTION OBLIGATIONS EMISSIONS EMISSIONS ESTIMATES EMISSIONS FROM DEFORESTATION EMISSIONS FROM SOURCES EMISSIONS INVENTORIES EMISSIONS REDUCTION EROSION ESTIMATES OF EMISSIONS ESTUARIES ESTUARINE ESTUARINE WATERS EUTROPHICATION FISH FISHERIES FLOOD CONTROL FLOODING FOOD PRODUCTION FOREST FOREST AREA FOREST CARBON FOREST CARBON STOCK FOREST CARBON STOCKS FOREST DEGRADATION FOREST MANAGEMENT FOREST RESTORATION FOREST SECTOR FOREST TYPES FORESTED WETLANDS FORESTRY FORESTRY ACTIVITIES FORESTS FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE FRESHWATER FRESHWATER SYSTEMS FRESHWATER WETLANDS GEOLOGICAL SURVEY GHG GHGS GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE GRASSLANDS GREENHOUSE GREENHOUSE GAS GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS GREENHOUSE GAS INVENTORIES GREENHOUSE GASES HABITAT TYPES HABITATS HEAVY METALS HOUSING HUMAN ACTIVITIES HYDROLOGY INTERTIDAL WETLANDS IPCC IRON LAND SUBSIDENCE LAND USE LAND USE CHANGE LAND USES LANDFILL LOW-CARBON MANAGED FORESTS MANAGED WETLANDS MANGROVE FOREST MANGROVE FORESTS MANGROVES MARINE ENVIRONMENTS MARSH MEADOWS METHANE METHANE EMISSIONS METHANE PRODUCTION MITIGATION MONTREAL PROTOCOL N2O NATIVE SPECIES NATURAL WETLAND NATURAL WETLANDS NITRATE NITRIFICATION NITRITE NITROGEN NITROUS OXIDE NON-NATIVE SPECIES NUTRIENT CYCLING NUTRIENTS OCEANS OIL PALM ORGANIC CARBON ORGANIC MATERIAL ORGANIC MATTER ORGANIC SOILS OXIDATION OXYGEN PARTICULATE PEAT PEAT SOILS PLANTATIONS POLLUTANTS PRESERVATION QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS RANGES RESERVOIRS RESTORATION RESTORATION ACTIVITIES RESTORATION PROJECTS RESTORATION ACTIONS RIVER RUNOFF SALINITY SALT MARSH SALT MARSH VEGETATION SALT MARSHES SATELLITE IMAGES SATURATED SOIL SATURATED SOIL CONDITIONS SATURATED SOILS SEA LEVEL RISE SEA WATER SEAGRASS BEDS SEAGRASS HABITATS SEAGRASSES SEDIMENT SEDIMENTS SHORE SHORELINES SINK SOIL CARBON SPECIES SULPHATE SULPHURIC ACID SURFACE CARBON SUSPENDED SEDIMENT SUSPENDED SEDIMENTS SWAMPS TERM RESTORATION TIDAL FLATS TIDAL MARSH TIDAL MARSHES TIDAL WETLAND TIDAL WETLANDS UNEP VEGETATION WATER TABLE WETLAND WETLAND CONVERSION WETLAND CREATION WETLAND DISTRIBUTION WETLAND DRAINAGE WETLAND LOSS WETLAND MANAGEMENT WETLAND MANAGERS WETLAND RESTORATION WETLAND SOIL WETLAND SOILS WETLAND TYPES WETLANDS LOSS WETLANDS MANAGEMENT WETLANDS RESTORATION WILDLIFE WIND Crooks, Stephen Herr, Dorothée Tamelander, Jerker Laffoley, Dan Vandever, Justin Mitigating Climate Change through Restoration and Management of Coastal Wetlands and Near-shore Marine Ecosystems : Challenges and Opportunities
relation	Environment department papers;no. 121. Marine ecosystem series
description	There is overwhelming consensus amongst climate scientists that the Earth's warming in recent decades has been caused primarily by human activities that have increased the amount of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere. To mitigate the most serious impacts of climate change a range of different strategies to lower carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations in the atmosphere are required. Building on outcomes and recommendations from various coastal carbon activities, this report explains the GHG dynamics of coastal wetlands and marine ecosystems (chapter two). The importance of coastal wetland and near-shore marine ecosystem carbon pools for climate change mitigation are described in chapter three, with a brief overview of the status of these systems, including drivers of change and implications of degradation of carbon pools, provided in Chapter four. Chapter five gives an overview of policy opportunities under ongoing United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) negotiations and through revision of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) carbon accounting methodologies and eligible mitigation activities for developing as well as developed countries. The main recommendations for action are summarized in chapter six.
format	Publications & Research :: Working Paper
author	Crooks, Stephen Herr, Dorothée Tamelander, Jerker Laffoley, Dan Vandever, Justin
author_facet	Crooks, Stephen Herr, Dorothée Tamelander, Jerker Laffoley, Dan Vandever, Justin
author_sort	Crooks, Stephen
title	Mitigating Climate Change through Restoration and Management of Coastal Wetlands and Near-shore Marine Ecosystems : Challenges and Opportunities
title_short	Mitigating Climate Change through Restoration and Management of Coastal Wetlands and Near-shore Marine Ecosystems : Challenges and Opportunities
title_full	Mitigating Climate Change through Restoration and Management of Coastal Wetlands and Near-shore Marine Ecosystems : Challenges and Opportunities
title_fullStr	Mitigating Climate Change through Restoration and Management of Coastal Wetlands and Near-shore Marine Ecosystems : Challenges and Opportunities
title_full_unstemmed	Mitigating Climate Change through Restoration and Management of Coastal Wetlands and Near-shore Marine Ecosystems : Challenges and Opportunities
title_sort	mitigating climate change through restoration and management of coastal wetlands and near-shore marine ecosystems : challenges and opportunities
publisher	World Bank, Washington, DC
publishDate	2014
url	http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2011/03/14020778/mitigating-climate-change-through-restoration-management-coastal-wetlands-near-shore-marine-ecosystems-challenges-opportunities http://hdl.handle.net/10986/18318
_version_	1764435671970217984
spelling	okr-10986-183182021-04-23T14:03:34Z Mitigating Climate Change through Restoration and Management of Coastal Wetlands and Near-shore Marine Ecosystems : Challenges and Opportunities Crooks, Stephen Herr, Dorothée Tamelander, Jerker Laffoley, Dan Vandever, Justin ACID AFFORESTATION AGRICULTURAL LAND AGRICULTURE AIR AIR POLLUTION AMMONIA ANAEROBIC CONDITIONS ANNUAL LOSS ANTHROPOGENIC EMISSIONS ATMOSPHERE BACTERIA BAY BEACH BIODIVERSITY BIOLOGICAL CARBON SEQUESTRATION BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY BIOMASS BIRDS BRACKISH MARSHES BRACKISH WETLANDS BURIED SEDIMENTS CARBON ACCOUNTING CARBON ACCUMULATION CARBON BALANCE CARBON BUDGET CARBON CONTENT CARBON CYCLE CARBON DIOXIDE CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS CARBON EMISSIONS CARBON FLOWS CARBON IN SOILS CARBON LOSS CARBON LOSSES CARBON MARKETS CARBON OFFSET CARBON POOL CARBON POOLS CARBON PRICES CARBON RELEASE CARBON SEQUESTRATION CARBON SEQUESTRATION CAPACITY CARBON SINKS CARBON STOCK CARBON STOCKS CARBON STORAGE CARBON STORES CASE STUDIES CH4 CLIMATE CLIMATE CHANGE CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION CO CO2 CO2 FLUX COAST COASTAL AREAS COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS COASTAL LOWLANDS COASTAL WETLAND SYSTEMS COASTAL WETLANDS COASTS COMMERCIAL FISHERIES CONSERVATION CONTINENTAL SHELF CORAL REEFS CROPLAND CURRENTS DATA COLLECTION DEGRADED AREAS DEGRADED ECOSYSTEMS DEGRADING WATER QUALITY DENITRIFICATION DIVERGENCE DRAINAGE DREDGING DRY WEIGHT ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS ECOLOGICAL INTEGRITY ECOLOGICAL PROCESSES ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION ECOSYSTEM ECOSYSTEM CARBON ECOSYSTEMS EMISSION EMISSION ESTIMATES EMISSION REDUCTION EMISSION REDUCTION OBLIGATIONS EMISSIONS EMISSIONS ESTIMATES EMISSIONS FROM DEFORESTATION EMISSIONS FROM SOURCES EMISSIONS INVENTORIES EMISSIONS REDUCTION EROSION ESTIMATES OF EMISSIONS ESTUARIES ESTUARINE ESTUARINE WATERS EUTROPHICATION FISH FISHERIES FLOOD CONTROL FLOODING FOOD PRODUCTION FOREST FOREST AREA FOREST CARBON FOREST CARBON STOCK FOREST CARBON STOCKS FOREST DEGRADATION FOREST MANAGEMENT FOREST RESTORATION FOREST SECTOR FOREST TYPES FORESTED WETLANDS FORESTRY FORESTRY ACTIVITIES FORESTS FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE FRESHWATER FRESHWATER SYSTEMS FRESHWATER WETLANDS GEOLOGICAL SURVEY GHG GHGS GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE GRASSLANDS GREENHOUSE GREENHOUSE GAS GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS GREENHOUSE GAS INVENTORIES GREENHOUSE GASES HABITAT TYPES HABITATS HEAVY METALS HOUSING HUMAN ACTIVITIES HYDROLOGY INTERTIDAL WETLANDS IPCC IRON LAND SUBSIDENCE LAND USE LAND USE CHANGE LAND USES LANDFILL LOW-CARBON MANAGED FORESTS MANAGED WETLANDS MANGROVE FOREST MANGROVE FORESTS MANGROVES MARINE ENVIRONMENTS MARSH MEADOWS METHANE METHANE EMISSIONS METHANE PRODUCTION MITIGATION MONTREAL PROTOCOL N2O NATIVE SPECIES NATURAL WETLAND NATURAL WETLANDS NITRATE NITRIFICATION NITRITE NITROGEN NITROUS OXIDE NON-NATIVE SPECIES NUTRIENT CYCLING NUTRIENTS OCEANS OIL PALM ORGANIC CARBON ORGANIC MATERIAL ORGANIC MATTER ORGANIC SOILS OXIDATION OXYGEN PARTICULATE PEAT PEAT SOILS PLANTATIONS POLLUTANTS PRESERVATION QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS RANGES RESERVOIRS RESTORATION RESTORATION ACTIVITIES RESTORATION PROJECTS RESTORATION ACTIONS RIVER RUNOFF SALINITY SALT MARSH SALT MARSH VEGETATION SALT MARSHES SATELLITE IMAGES SATURATED SOIL SATURATED SOIL CONDITIONS SATURATED SOILS SEA LEVEL RISE SEA WATER SEAGRASS BEDS SEAGRASS HABITATS SEAGRASSES SEDIMENT SEDIMENTS SHORE SHORELINES SINK SOIL CARBON SPECIES SULPHATE SULPHURIC ACID SURFACE CARBON SUSPENDED SEDIMENT SUSPENDED SEDIMENTS SWAMPS TERM RESTORATION TIDAL FLATS TIDAL MARSH TIDAL MARSHES TIDAL WETLAND TIDAL WETLANDS UNEP VEGETATION WATER TABLE WETLAND WETLAND CONVERSION WETLAND CREATION WETLAND DISTRIBUTION WETLAND DRAINAGE WETLAND LOSS WETLAND MANAGEMENT WETLAND MANAGERS WETLAND RESTORATION WETLAND SOIL WETLAND SOILS WETLAND TYPES WETLANDS LOSS WETLANDS MANAGEMENT WETLANDS RESTORATION WILDLIFE WIND There is overwhelming consensus amongst climate scientists that the Earth's warming in recent decades has been caused primarily by human activities that have increased the amount of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere. To mitigate the most serious impacts of climate change a range of different strategies to lower carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations in the atmosphere are required. Building on outcomes and recommendations from various coastal carbon activities, this report explains the GHG dynamics of coastal wetlands and marine ecosystems (chapter two). The importance of coastal wetland and near-shore marine ecosystem carbon pools for climate change mitigation are described in chapter three, with a brief overview of the status of these systems, including drivers of change and implications of degradation of carbon pools, provided in Chapter four. Chapter five gives an overview of policy opportunities under ongoing United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) negotiations and through revision of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) carbon accounting methodologies and eligible mitigation activities for developing as well as developed countries. The main recommendations for action are summarized in chapter six. 2014-05-14T20:46:53Z 2014-05-14T20:46:53Z 2011-03 http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2011/03/14020778/mitigating-climate-change-through-restoration-management-coastal-wetlands-near-shore-marine-ecosystems-challenges-opportunities http://hdl.handle.net/10986/18318 English en_US Environment department papers;no. 121. Marine ecosystem series CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/ World Bank, Washington, DC Publications & Research :: Working Paper Publications & Research

Mitigating Climate Change through Restoration and Management of Coastal Wetlands and Near-shore Marine Ecosystems : Challenges and Opportunities

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