Labor Market Policies under a Youth Bulge : How to Benefit from Demographic Dividend in Pakistan

This paper assesses labor market trends and outcomes in Pakistan over the past decade. It shows that despite a high rate of employment growth, labor market outcomes have been disappointing: most jobs have been created in low productivity sectors/ac...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Robalino, David, Cho, Yoonyoung
Format: Working Paper
Language:English
en_US
Published: World Bank, Washington, DC 2014
Subjects:
Online Access:http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2012/12/19309514/labor-market-policies-under-youth-bulge
http://hdl.handle.net/10986/17874
id okr-10986-17874
recordtype oai_dc
repository_type Digital Repository
institution_category Foreign Institution
institution Digital Repositories
building World Bank Open Knowledge Repository
collection World Bank
language English
en_US
topic ACCOUNTING
ACTIVE LABOR
ACTIVE LABOR MARKET
ACTIVE LABOR MARKET POLICIES
ACTIVE LABOR MARKET PROGRAMS
ADULT WORKERS
BARGAINING
BARGAINING POWER
BASIC LITERACY
BASIC RIGHTS
CASUAL WORKERS
CHILD CARE
CHILD LABOR
CORE LABOR STANDARDS
CURRENT LABOR FORCE
DECLINES IN FERTILITY
DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGES
DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS
DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION
DEPENDENCY RATIO
DEVELOPMENT POLICY
DISADVANTAGED WORKERS
DISMISSAL
ECONOMIC CONDITIONS
ECONOMIC DOWNTURNS
ECONOMIC GROWTH
ECONOMIC SLOWDOWN
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
EMPLOYABILITY
EMPLOYEE
EMPLOYMENT
EMPLOYMENT CREATION
EMPLOYMENT GROWTH
EMPLOYMENT GROWTH RATES
EMPLOYMENT GUARANTEE
EMPLOYMENT GUARANTEE SCHEME
EMPLOYMENT OFFICES
EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES
EMPLOYMENT PROGRAM
EMPLOYMENT SHARE
EMPLOYMENT STATUS
ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIVITIES
EXISTING WORKFORCE
EXTERNALITIES
FAMILY PLANNING
FEMALE LABOR
FEMALE LABOR FORCE
FERTILITY RATE
FORCED LABOR
FORMAL EDUCATION
FORMAL SECTOR WORKERS
GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM
HEALTH SERVICES
HIGH EMPLOYMENT
HOUSEHOLD ENTERPRISES
HOUSEHOLD SURVEY
HUMAN CAPITAL
ILLITERACY
ILLNESS
INCOME
INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS
INFORMAL ECONOMY
INFORMAL EMPLOYMENT
INFORMAL SECTOR
INNOVATIONS
INSURANCE
INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION
JOB CREATION
JOB LOSS
JOB OPPORTUNITIES
JOB PLACEMENT
JOB PLACEMENT SERVICES
JOB SEARCH
JOB SECURITY
JOB TENURE
JOB TRAINING
JOB-SEARCH ASSISTANCE
JOBS
LABOR CONTRACT
LABOR DEMAND
LABOR FORCE
LABOR FORCE GROWTH
LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION
LABOR LAW
LABOR MARKET
LABOR MARKET CONDITIONS
LABOR MARKET INDICATORS
LABOR MARKET OUTCOMES
LABOR MARKET POLICIES
LABOR MARKET REGULATIONS
LABOR MARKETS
LABOR MOBILITY
LABOR POLICY
LABOR PRODUCTIVITY
LABOR PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH
LABOR REGULATION
LABOR REGULATIONS
LABOR SUPPLY
LESS EDUCATED PEERS
LEVEL OF EDUCATION
LITERACY RATES
MANPOWER
MARKET FAILURES
MATERNITY LEAVE
MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS
MINIMUM WAGE
MINIMUM WAGES
MORTALITY
MOTIVATION
NATURAL DISASTERS
NUMBER OF BIRTHS
NUMBER OF PEOPLE
OCCUPATION
OCCUPATIONS
ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
PAID WORKERS
PART TIME EMPLOYMENT
PAYING JOBS
PENSIONS
POLICY DISCUSSIONS
POPULATION GROWTH
POST-PROGRAM EMPLOYMENT
PREVIOUS RESULTS
PREVIOUS SECTION
PREVIOUS STUDIES
PRIMARY EDUCATION
PRIMARY SCHOOL
PRIMARY SCHOOLING
PRIVATE COMPANIES
PRIVATE EMPLOYMENT
PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP
PRIVATE PROVIDERS
PRIVATE SECTOR
PRIVATE SECTOR INVOLVEMENT
PRIVATE TRAINING
PRODUCTIVE ACTIVITIES
PROGRESS
PROTECTING WORKERS
PUBLIC WORKS
PUBLIC WORKS PROGRAM
PUBLIC WORKS PROGRAMS
QUALITY OF EDUCATION
REGULAR WORKERS
REMITTANCES
RESOURCE ALLOCATION
RESPECT
RETIREMENT
RIGID LABOR MARKET
RURAL AREAS
RURAL COMMUNITIES
RURAL EMPLOYMENT
RURAL WORKERS
RURAL YOUTH
SAFETY
SAFETY NETS
SALARIED WORKERS
SECONDARY EDUCATION
SECONDARY SCHOOLING
SELF EMPLOYED
SELF EMPLOYMENT
SERVICE PROVIDERS
SERVICE SECTOR
SEVERANCE PAY
SEVERANCE PAYMENT
SKILLED WORKERS
SKILLS DEVELOPMENT
SOCIAL NORMS
SOCIAL SERVICES
SOCIAL UNREST
SURVIVAL RATES
TECHNICAL EDUCATION
TECHNICAL SKILLS
TEMPORARY JOB
TEMPORARY SAFETY NET
TERTIARY EDUCATION
TRAINING AGENCIES
TRAINING CENTERS
TRAINING CONTENTS
TRAINING INSTITUTION
TRAINING INSTITUTIONS
TRAINING PERIOD
TRAINING PROGRAM
TRAINING PROGRAMS
TRAINING PROVIDERS
TRAINING SERVICES
TRAINING SYSTEM
UNEMPLOYED
UNEMPLOYED WORKERS
UNEMPLOYED YOUTH
UNEMPLOYMENT
UNEMPLOYMENT BENEFITS
UNEMPLOYMENT RATE
UNEMPLOYMENT RATES
UNSKILLED WORKERS
URBAN AREAS
VOCATIONAL EDUCATION
VOCATIONAL TRAINING
WAGE DISTRIBUTION
WAGE EMPLOYMENT
WAGE LEVEL
WAGE POLICIES
WAGE RATES
WOMAN
WORK FORCE
WORKER
WORKER PRODUCTIVITY
WORKERS
WORKING CONDITIONS
WORKING HOURS
YOUNG WORKERS
YOUNGER WORKERS
YOUTH EMPLOYMENT
YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT
YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT RATE
spellingShingle ACCOUNTING
ACTIVE LABOR
ACTIVE LABOR MARKET
ACTIVE LABOR MARKET POLICIES
ACTIVE LABOR MARKET PROGRAMS
ADULT WORKERS
BARGAINING
BARGAINING POWER
BASIC LITERACY
BASIC RIGHTS
CASUAL WORKERS
CHILD CARE
CHILD LABOR
CORE LABOR STANDARDS
CURRENT LABOR FORCE
DECLINES IN FERTILITY
DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGES
DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS
DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION
DEPENDENCY RATIO
DEVELOPMENT POLICY
DISADVANTAGED WORKERS
DISMISSAL
ECONOMIC CONDITIONS
ECONOMIC DOWNTURNS
ECONOMIC GROWTH
ECONOMIC SLOWDOWN
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
EMPLOYABILITY
EMPLOYEE
EMPLOYMENT
EMPLOYMENT CREATION
EMPLOYMENT GROWTH
EMPLOYMENT GROWTH RATES
EMPLOYMENT GUARANTEE
EMPLOYMENT GUARANTEE SCHEME
EMPLOYMENT OFFICES
EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES
EMPLOYMENT PROGRAM
EMPLOYMENT SHARE
EMPLOYMENT STATUS
ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIVITIES
EXISTING WORKFORCE
EXTERNALITIES
FAMILY PLANNING
FEMALE LABOR
FEMALE LABOR FORCE
FERTILITY RATE
FORCED LABOR
FORMAL EDUCATION
FORMAL SECTOR WORKERS
GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM
HEALTH SERVICES
HIGH EMPLOYMENT
HOUSEHOLD ENTERPRISES
HOUSEHOLD SURVEY
HUMAN CAPITAL
ILLITERACY
ILLNESS
INCOME
INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS
INFORMAL ECONOMY
INFORMAL EMPLOYMENT
INFORMAL SECTOR
INNOVATIONS
INSURANCE
INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION
JOB CREATION
JOB LOSS
JOB OPPORTUNITIES
JOB PLACEMENT
JOB PLACEMENT SERVICES
JOB SEARCH
JOB SECURITY
JOB TENURE
JOB TRAINING
JOB-SEARCH ASSISTANCE
JOBS
LABOR CONTRACT
LABOR DEMAND
LABOR FORCE
LABOR FORCE GROWTH
LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION
LABOR LAW
LABOR MARKET
LABOR MARKET CONDITIONS
LABOR MARKET INDICATORS
LABOR MARKET OUTCOMES
LABOR MARKET POLICIES
LABOR MARKET REGULATIONS
LABOR MARKETS
LABOR MOBILITY
LABOR POLICY
LABOR PRODUCTIVITY
LABOR PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH
LABOR REGULATION
LABOR REGULATIONS
LABOR SUPPLY
LESS EDUCATED PEERS
LEVEL OF EDUCATION
LITERACY RATES
MANPOWER
MARKET FAILURES
MATERNITY LEAVE
MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS
MINIMUM WAGE
MINIMUM WAGES
MORTALITY
MOTIVATION
NATURAL DISASTERS
NUMBER OF BIRTHS
NUMBER OF PEOPLE
OCCUPATION
OCCUPATIONS
ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
PAID WORKERS
PART TIME EMPLOYMENT
PAYING JOBS
PENSIONS
POLICY DISCUSSIONS
POPULATION GROWTH
POST-PROGRAM EMPLOYMENT
PREVIOUS RESULTS
PREVIOUS SECTION
PREVIOUS STUDIES
PRIMARY EDUCATION
PRIMARY SCHOOL
PRIMARY SCHOOLING
PRIVATE COMPANIES
PRIVATE EMPLOYMENT
PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP
PRIVATE PROVIDERS
PRIVATE SECTOR
PRIVATE SECTOR INVOLVEMENT
PRIVATE TRAINING
PRODUCTIVE ACTIVITIES
PROGRESS
PROTECTING WORKERS
PUBLIC WORKS
PUBLIC WORKS PROGRAM
PUBLIC WORKS PROGRAMS
QUALITY OF EDUCATION
REGULAR WORKERS
REMITTANCES
RESOURCE ALLOCATION
RESPECT
RETIREMENT
RIGID LABOR MARKET
RURAL AREAS
RURAL COMMUNITIES
RURAL EMPLOYMENT
RURAL WORKERS
RURAL YOUTH
SAFETY
SAFETY NETS
SALARIED WORKERS
SECONDARY EDUCATION
SECONDARY SCHOOLING
SELF EMPLOYED
SELF EMPLOYMENT
SERVICE PROVIDERS
SERVICE SECTOR
SEVERANCE PAY
SEVERANCE PAYMENT
SKILLED WORKERS
SKILLS DEVELOPMENT
SOCIAL NORMS
SOCIAL SERVICES
SOCIAL UNREST
SURVIVAL RATES
TECHNICAL EDUCATION
TECHNICAL SKILLS
TEMPORARY JOB
TEMPORARY SAFETY NET
TERTIARY EDUCATION
TRAINING AGENCIES
TRAINING CENTERS
TRAINING CONTENTS
TRAINING INSTITUTION
TRAINING INSTITUTIONS
TRAINING PERIOD
TRAINING PROGRAM
TRAINING PROGRAMS
TRAINING PROVIDERS
TRAINING SERVICES
TRAINING SYSTEM
UNEMPLOYED
UNEMPLOYED WORKERS
UNEMPLOYED YOUTH
UNEMPLOYMENT
UNEMPLOYMENT BENEFITS
UNEMPLOYMENT RATE
UNEMPLOYMENT RATES
UNSKILLED WORKERS
URBAN AREAS
VOCATIONAL EDUCATION
VOCATIONAL TRAINING
WAGE DISTRIBUTION
WAGE EMPLOYMENT
WAGE LEVEL
WAGE POLICIES
WAGE RATES
WOMAN
WORK FORCE
WORKER
WORKER PRODUCTIVITY
WORKERS
WORKING CONDITIONS
WORKING HOURS
YOUNG WORKERS
YOUNGER WORKERS
YOUTH EMPLOYMENT
YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT
YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT RATE
Robalino, David
Cho, Yoonyoung
Labor Market Policies under a Youth Bulge : How to Benefit from Demographic Dividend in Pakistan
geographic_facet South Asia
Pakistan
relation World Bank Policy Paper Series on Pakistan;no. PK 14/12
description This paper assesses labor market trends and outcomes in Pakistan over the past decade. It shows that despite a high rate of employment growth, labor market outcomes have been disappointing: most jobs have been created in low productivity sectors/activities, and even if they provide a minimum level of income to often avoid poverty, they remain low quality jobs providing little or no protection to workers against shocks. In addition, female participation rates for women are very low and there are large income disparities between rural and urban areas, and across sectors. A fundamental part of the problem is the low level of education of the labor force. Pakistan is currently in the midst of a demographic transition that is bringing a growing number of youth into the labor market. This youth bulge that is unwinding opens both challenges and opportunities. Challenges because of the need to create enough jobs to employ new entrants; Opportunities, because if this is done the country will enjoy a demographic dividend , as the share of those employed relative to the dependent increases, driving up income per capita and standards of living.
format Publications & Research :: Working Paper
author Robalino, David
Cho, Yoonyoung
author_facet Robalino, David
Cho, Yoonyoung
author_sort Robalino, David
title Labor Market Policies under a Youth Bulge : How to Benefit from Demographic Dividend in Pakistan
title_short Labor Market Policies under a Youth Bulge : How to Benefit from Demographic Dividend in Pakistan
title_full Labor Market Policies under a Youth Bulge : How to Benefit from Demographic Dividend in Pakistan
title_fullStr Labor Market Policies under a Youth Bulge : How to Benefit from Demographic Dividend in Pakistan
title_full_unstemmed Labor Market Policies under a Youth Bulge : How to Benefit from Demographic Dividend in Pakistan
title_sort labor market policies under a youth bulge : how to benefit from demographic dividend in pakistan
publisher World Bank, Washington, DC
publishDate 2014
url http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2012/12/19309514/labor-market-policies-under-youth-bulge
http://hdl.handle.net/10986/17874
_version_ 1764438629278547968
spelling okr-10986-178742021-04-23T14:03:40Z Labor Market Policies under a Youth Bulge : How to Benefit from Demographic Dividend in Pakistan Robalino, David Cho, Yoonyoung ACCOUNTING ACTIVE LABOR ACTIVE LABOR MARKET ACTIVE LABOR MARKET POLICIES ACTIVE LABOR MARKET PROGRAMS ADULT WORKERS BARGAINING BARGAINING POWER BASIC LITERACY BASIC RIGHTS CASUAL WORKERS CHILD CARE CHILD LABOR CORE LABOR STANDARDS CURRENT LABOR FORCE DECLINES IN FERTILITY DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGES DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION DEPENDENCY RATIO DEVELOPMENT POLICY DISADVANTAGED WORKERS DISMISSAL ECONOMIC CONDITIONS ECONOMIC DOWNTURNS ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC SLOWDOWN EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT EMPLOYABILITY EMPLOYEE EMPLOYMENT EMPLOYMENT CREATION EMPLOYMENT GROWTH EMPLOYMENT GROWTH RATES EMPLOYMENT GUARANTEE EMPLOYMENT GUARANTEE SCHEME EMPLOYMENT OFFICES EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES EMPLOYMENT PROGRAM EMPLOYMENT SHARE EMPLOYMENT STATUS ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIVITIES EXISTING WORKFORCE EXTERNALITIES FAMILY PLANNING FEMALE LABOR FEMALE LABOR FORCE FERTILITY RATE FORCED LABOR FORMAL EDUCATION FORMAL SECTOR WORKERS GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM HEALTH SERVICES HIGH EMPLOYMENT HOUSEHOLD ENTERPRISES HOUSEHOLD SURVEY HUMAN CAPITAL ILLITERACY ILLNESS INCOME INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS INFORMAL ECONOMY INFORMAL EMPLOYMENT INFORMAL SECTOR INNOVATIONS INSURANCE INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION JOB CREATION JOB LOSS JOB OPPORTUNITIES JOB PLACEMENT JOB PLACEMENT SERVICES JOB SEARCH JOB SECURITY JOB TENURE JOB TRAINING JOB-SEARCH ASSISTANCE JOBS LABOR CONTRACT LABOR DEMAND LABOR FORCE LABOR FORCE GROWTH LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION LABOR LAW LABOR MARKET LABOR MARKET CONDITIONS LABOR MARKET INDICATORS LABOR MARKET OUTCOMES LABOR MARKET POLICIES LABOR MARKET REGULATIONS LABOR MARKETS LABOR MOBILITY LABOR POLICY LABOR PRODUCTIVITY LABOR PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH LABOR REGULATION LABOR REGULATIONS LABOR SUPPLY LESS EDUCATED PEERS LEVEL OF EDUCATION LITERACY RATES MANPOWER MARKET FAILURES MATERNITY LEAVE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS MINIMUM WAGE MINIMUM WAGES MORTALITY MOTIVATION NATURAL DISASTERS NUMBER OF BIRTHS NUMBER OF PEOPLE OCCUPATION OCCUPATIONS ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE PAID WORKERS PART TIME EMPLOYMENT PAYING JOBS PENSIONS POLICY DISCUSSIONS POPULATION GROWTH POST-PROGRAM EMPLOYMENT PREVIOUS RESULTS PREVIOUS SECTION PREVIOUS STUDIES PRIMARY EDUCATION PRIMARY SCHOOL PRIMARY SCHOOLING PRIVATE COMPANIES PRIVATE EMPLOYMENT PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP PRIVATE PROVIDERS PRIVATE SECTOR PRIVATE SECTOR INVOLVEMENT PRIVATE TRAINING PRODUCTIVE ACTIVITIES PROGRESS PROTECTING WORKERS PUBLIC WORKS PUBLIC WORKS PROGRAM PUBLIC WORKS PROGRAMS QUALITY OF EDUCATION REGULAR WORKERS REMITTANCES RESOURCE ALLOCATION RESPECT RETIREMENT RIGID LABOR MARKET RURAL AREAS RURAL COMMUNITIES RURAL EMPLOYMENT RURAL WORKERS RURAL YOUTH SAFETY SAFETY NETS SALARIED WORKERS SECONDARY EDUCATION SECONDARY SCHOOLING SELF EMPLOYED SELF EMPLOYMENT SERVICE PROVIDERS SERVICE SECTOR SEVERANCE PAY SEVERANCE PAYMENT SKILLED WORKERS SKILLS DEVELOPMENT SOCIAL NORMS SOCIAL SERVICES SOCIAL UNREST SURVIVAL RATES TECHNICAL EDUCATION TECHNICAL SKILLS TEMPORARY JOB TEMPORARY SAFETY NET TERTIARY EDUCATION TRAINING AGENCIES TRAINING CENTERS TRAINING CONTENTS TRAINING INSTITUTION TRAINING INSTITUTIONS TRAINING PERIOD TRAINING PROGRAM TRAINING PROGRAMS TRAINING PROVIDERS TRAINING SERVICES TRAINING SYSTEM UNEMPLOYED UNEMPLOYED WORKERS UNEMPLOYED YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT UNEMPLOYMENT BENEFITS UNEMPLOYMENT RATE UNEMPLOYMENT RATES UNSKILLED WORKERS URBAN AREAS VOCATIONAL EDUCATION VOCATIONAL TRAINING WAGE DISTRIBUTION WAGE EMPLOYMENT WAGE LEVEL WAGE POLICIES WAGE RATES WOMAN WORK FORCE WORKER WORKER PRODUCTIVITY WORKERS WORKING CONDITIONS WORKING HOURS YOUNG WORKERS YOUNGER WORKERS YOUTH EMPLOYMENT YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT RATE This paper assesses labor market trends and outcomes in Pakistan over the past decade. It shows that despite a high rate of employment growth, labor market outcomes have been disappointing: most jobs have been created in low productivity sectors/activities, and even if they provide a minimum level of income to often avoid poverty, they remain low quality jobs providing little or no protection to workers against shocks. In addition, female participation rates for women are very low and there are large income disparities between rural and urban areas, and across sectors. A fundamental part of the problem is the low level of education of the labor force. Pakistan is currently in the midst of a demographic transition that is bringing a growing number of youth into the labor market. This youth bulge that is unwinding opens both challenges and opportunities. Challenges because of the need to create enough jobs to employ new entrants; Opportunities, because if this is done the country will enjoy a demographic dividend , as the share of those employed relative to the dependent increases, driving up income per capita and standards of living. 2014-04-17T14:25:59Z 2014-04-17T14:25:59Z 2012-12 http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2012/12/19309514/labor-market-policies-under-youth-bulge http://hdl.handle.net/10986/17874 English en_US World Bank Policy Paper Series on Pakistan;no. PK 14/12 CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/ World Bank, Washington, DC Publications & Research :: Working Paper South Asia Pakistan