Effects of Early-Life Exposure to Sanitation on Childhood Cognitive Skills : Evidence from India's Total Sanitation Campaign

Early life health and net nutrition shape childhood and adult cognitive skills and human capital. In poor countries -- and especially in South Asia -- widespread open defecation without making use of a toilet or latrine is an important source of ch...

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Main Authors:	Spears, Dean, Lamba, Sneha
Format:	Policy Research Working Paper
Language:	English en_US
Published:	World Bank, Washington, DC 2014
Subjects:	ABILITY LEVELS ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT ACHIEVEMENT TESTS ADOLESCENCE ADULT EDUCATION AGE COHORT AGE TRENDS AGED BULLETIN CENSUSES CHILD DEVELOPMENT CHILD MORTALITY CHILDHOOD COGNITIVE ABILITY COGNITIVE ACHIEVEMENT COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT COGNITIVE OUTCOMES COGNITIVE SKILLS COGNITIVE TESTS CONTROL GROUPS DEFECATION DEMOCRACY DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPMENT POLICY DEVELOPMENTAL PERIOD DEVELOPMENTAL POTENTIAL DEWORMING DIARRHEA DIARRHOEA DISEASE DRINKING WATER EARLY CHILDHOOD EARLY CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENT EARLY INTERVENTION EARLY YEARS EDUCATED MOTHERS EDUCATIONAL OUTCOMES EDUCATIONAL PERFORMANCE EDUCATIONAL TESTS ENROLLMENT EPIDEMIOLOGY FAMILY PLANNING FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAM FEMALE EDUCATION GIRLS GLOBAL HEALTH GLOBAL POVERTY HEALTH CONSEQUENCES HEIGHT FOR AGE HOOKWORM HUMAN BIOLOGY HUMAN CAPITAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT HUMAN EXCRETA HYGIENE INDEXES INFANT INFANT DEATHS INFANT MORTALITY INFANTS INFECTION INFECTIONS INFECTIOUS DISEASES INFERENCE INFLAMMATION INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY INTERVENTION INTERVENTIONS LABOR FORCE LABOR MARKET LEARNING LEARNING OUTCOMES LEVELS OF EDUCATION LITERACY LITERACY RATES LIVE BIRTHS LOCAL GOVERNMENTS LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES MALABSORPTION MALNUTRITION MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH MEDICINE MIGRATION MORTALITY MOTHER MOTIVATION NUTRITION OLDER CHILDREN PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT PIT LATRINES POLICY DISCUSSIONS POLICY RESEARCH POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER POOR HEALTH POPULATION DENSITY PROGRESS PUBLIC HEALTH READING RECOGNITION RESEARCH PROGRAM RURAL AREAS RURAL CHILDREN RURAL DEVELOPMENT RURAL DISTRICT RURAL POPULATION SANITARY CONDITIONS SANITATION SCHOOL ATTENDANCE SCHOOLING SCHOOLS SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE SERVICE DELIVERY SEX SIGNIFICANT POLICY SOCIAL MOBILIZATION SOCIAL NORMS SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT TABOO TOUCH TREATMENT TROPICAL MEDICINE TUITION URBAN AREAS VACCINATION VACCINATION PROGRAM WOMAN WORKFORCE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION YOUNG CHILDREN
Online Access:	http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2013/10/18403894/effects-early-life-exposure-sanitation-childhood-cognitive-skills-evidence-indias-total-sanitation-campaign http://hdl.handle.net/10986/16872

id	okr-10986-16872
recordtype	oai_dc
spelling	okr-10986-168722021-04-23T14:03:32Z Effects of Early-Life Exposure to Sanitation on Childhood Cognitive Skills : Evidence from India's Total Sanitation Campaign Spears, Dean Lamba, Sneha ABILITY LEVELS ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT ACHIEVEMENT TESTS ADOLESCENCE ADULT EDUCATION AGE COHORT AGE TRENDS AGED BULLETIN CENSUSES CHILD DEVELOPMENT CHILD MORTALITY CHILDHOOD COGNITIVE ABILITY COGNITIVE ACHIEVEMENT COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT COGNITIVE OUTCOMES COGNITIVE SKILLS COGNITIVE TESTS CONTROL GROUPS DEFECATION DEMOCRACY DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPMENT POLICY DEVELOPMENTAL PERIOD DEVELOPMENTAL POTENTIAL DEWORMING DIARRHEA DIARRHOEA DISEASE DRINKING WATER EARLY CHILDHOOD EARLY CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENT EARLY INTERVENTION EARLY YEARS EDUCATED MOTHERS EDUCATIONAL OUTCOMES EDUCATIONAL PERFORMANCE EDUCATIONAL TESTS ENROLLMENT EPIDEMIOLOGY FAMILY PLANNING FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAM FEMALE EDUCATION GIRLS GLOBAL HEALTH GLOBAL POVERTY HEALTH CONSEQUENCES HEIGHT FOR AGE HOOKWORM HUMAN BIOLOGY HUMAN CAPITAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT HUMAN EXCRETA HYGIENE INDEXES INFANT INFANT DEATHS INFANT MORTALITY INFANTS INFECTION INFECTIONS INFECTIOUS DISEASES INFERENCE INFLAMMATION INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY INTERVENTION INTERVENTIONS LABOR FORCE LABOR MARKET LEARNING LEARNING OUTCOMES LEVELS OF EDUCATION LITERACY LITERACY RATES LIVE BIRTHS LOCAL GOVERNMENTS LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES MALABSORPTION MALNUTRITION MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH MEDICINE MIGRATION MORTALITY MOTHER MOTIVATION NUTRITION OLDER CHILDREN PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT PIT LATRINES POLICY DISCUSSIONS POLICY RESEARCH POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER POOR HEALTH POPULATION DENSITY PROGRESS PUBLIC HEALTH READING RECOGNITION RESEARCH PROGRAM RURAL AREAS RURAL CHILDREN RURAL DEVELOPMENT RURAL DISTRICT RURAL POPULATION SANITARY CONDITIONS SANITATION SCHOOL ATTENDANCE SCHOOLING SCHOOLS SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE SERVICE DELIVERY SEX SIGNIFICANT POLICY SOCIAL MOBILIZATION SOCIAL NORMS SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT TABOO TOUCH TREATMENT TROPICAL MEDICINE TUITION URBAN AREAS VACCINATION VACCINATION PROGRAM WOMAN WORKFORCE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION YOUNG CHILDREN Early life health and net nutrition shape childhood and adult cognitive skills and human capital. In poor countries -- and especially in South Asia -- widespread open defecation without making use of a toilet or latrine is an important source of childhood disease. This paper studies the effects on childhood cognitive achievement of early life exposure to India's Total Sanitation Campaign, a large government program that encouraged local governments to build and promote use of inexpensive pit latrines. In the early years of the program studied here, the TSC caused six-year-olds exposed to it in their first year of life to be more likely to recognize letters and simple numbers. The results suggest both that open defecation is an important threat to the human capital of the Indian labor force, and that a program feasible to low capacity governments in developing countries could improve average cognitive skills. 2014-02-04T19:04:49Z 2014-02-04T19:04:49Z 2013-10 http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2013/10/18403894/effects-early-life-exposure-sanitation-childhood-cognitive-skills-evidence-indias-total-sanitation-campaign http://hdl.handle.net/10986/16872 English en_US Policy Research Working Paper;No. 6659 CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/ World Bank World Bank, Washington, DC Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper Publications & Research South Asia India
repository_type	Digital Repository
institution_category	Foreign Institution
institution	Digital Repositories
building	World Bank Open Knowledge Repository
collection	World Bank
language	English en_US
topic	ABILITY LEVELS ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT ACHIEVEMENT TESTS ADOLESCENCE ADULT EDUCATION AGE COHORT AGE TRENDS AGED BULLETIN CENSUSES CHILD DEVELOPMENT CHILD MORTALITY CHILDHOOD COGNITIVE ABILITY COGNITIVE ACHIEVEMENT COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT COGNITIVE OUTCOMES COGNITIVE SKILLS COGNITIVE TESTS CONTROL GROUPS DEFECATION DEMOCRACY DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPMENT POLICY DEVELOPMENTAL PERIOD DEVELOPMENTAL POTENTIAL DEWORMING DIARRHEA DIARRHOEA DISEASE DRINKING WATER EARLY CHILDHOOD EARLY CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENT EARLY INTERVENTION EARLY YEARS EDUCATED MOTHERS EDUCATIONAL OUTCOMES EDUCATIONAL PERFORMANCE EDUCATIONAL TESTS ENROLLMENT EPIDEMIOLOGY FAMILY PLANNING FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAM FEMALE EDUCATION GIRLS GLOBAL HEALTH GLOBAL POVERTY HEALTH CONSEQUENCES HEIGHT FOR AGE HOOKWORM HUMAN BIOLOGY HUMAN CAPITAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT HUMAN EXCRETA HYGIENE INDEXES INFANT INFANT DEATHS INFANT MORTALITY INFANTS INFECTION INFECTIONS INFECTIOUS DISEASES INFERENCE INFLAMMATION INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY INTERVENTION INTERVENTIONS LABOR FORCE LABOR MARKET LEARNING LEARNING OUTCOMES LEVELS OF EDUCATION LITERACY LITERACY RATES LIVE BIRTHS LOCAL GOVERNMENTS LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES MALABSORPTION MALNUTRITION MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH MEDICINE MIGRATION MORTALITY MOTHER MOTIVATION NUTRITION OLDER CHILDREN PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT PIT LATRINES POLICY DISCUSSIONS POLICY RESEARCH POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER POOR HEALTH POPULATION DENSITY PROGRESS PUBLIC HEALTH READING RECOGNITION RESEARCH PROGRAM RURAL AREAS RURAL CHILDREN RURAL DEVELOPMENT RURAL DISTRICT RURAL POPULATION SANITARY CONDITIONS SANITATION SCHOOL ATTENDANCE SCHOOLING SCHOOLS SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE SERVICE DELIVERY SEX SIGNIFICANT POLICY SOCIAL MOBILIZATION SOCIAL NORMS SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT TABOO TOUCH TREATMENT TROPICAL MEDICINE TUITION URBAN AREAS VACCINATION VACCINATION PROGRAM WOMAN WORKFORCE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION YOUNG CHILDREN
spellingShingle	ABILITY LEVELS ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT ACHIEVEMENT TESTS ADOLESCENCE ADULT EDUCATION AGE COHORT AGE TRENDS AGED BULLETIN CENSUSES CHILD DEVELOPMENT CHILD MORTALITY CHILDHOOD COGNITIVE ABILITY COGNITIVE ACHIEVEMENT COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT COGNITIVE OUTCOMES COGNITIVE SKILLS COGNITIVE TESTS CONTROL GROUPS DEFECATION DEMOCRACY DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPMENT POLICY DEVELOPMENTAL PERIOD DEVELOPMENTAL POTENTIAL DEWORMING DIARRHEA DIARRHOEA DISEASE DRINKING WATER EARLY CHILDHOOD EARLY CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENT EARLY INTERVENTION EARLY YEARS EDUCATED MOTHERS EDUCATIONAL OUTCOMES EDUCATIONAL PERFORMANCE EDUCATIONAL TESTS ENROLLMENT EPIDEMIOLOGY FAMILY PLANNING FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAM FEMALE EDUCATION GIRLS GLOBAL HEALTH GLOBAL POVERTY HEALTH CONSEQUENCES HEIGHT FOR AGE HOOKWORM HUMAN BIOLOGY HUMAN CAPITAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT HUMAN EXCRETA HYGIENE INDEXES INFANT INFANT DEATHS INFANT MORTALITY INFANTS INFECTION INFECTIONS INFECTIOUS DISEASES INFERENCE INFLAMMATION INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY INTERVENTION INTERVENTIONS LABOR FORCE LABOR MARKET LEARNING LEARNING OUTCOMES LEVELS OF EDUCATION LITERACY LITERACY RATES LIVE BIRTHS LOCAL GOVERNMENTS LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES MALABSORPTION MALNUTRITION MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH MEDICINE MIGRATION MORTALITY MOTHER MOTIVATION NUTRITION OLDER CHILDREN PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT PIT LATRINES POLICY DISCUSSIONS POLICY RESEARCH POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER POOR HEALTH POPULATION DENSITY PROGRESS PUBLIC HEALTH READING RECOGNITION RESEARCH PROGRAM RURAL AREAS RURAL CHILDREN RURAL DEVELOPMENT RURAL DISTRICT RURAL POPULATION SANITARY CONDITIONS SANITATION SCHOOL ATTENDANCE SCHOOLING SCHOOLS SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE SERVICE DELIVERY SEX SIGNIFICANT POLICY SOCIAL MOBILIZATION SOCIAL NORMS SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT TABOO TOUCH TREATMENT TROPICAL MEDICINE TUITION URBAN AREAS VACCINATION VACCINATION PROGRAM WOMAN WORKFORCE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION YOUNG CHILDREN Spears, Dean Lamba, Sneha Effects of Early-Life Exposure to Sanitation on Childhood Cognitive Skills : Evidence from India's Total Sanitation Campaign
geographic_facet	South Asia India
relation	Policy Research Working Paper;No. 6659
description	Early life health and net nutrition shape childhood and adult cognitive skills and human capital. In poor countries -- and especially in South Asia -- widespread open defecation without making use of a toilet or latrine is an important source of childhood disease. This paper studies the effects on childhood cognitive achievement of early life exposure to India's Total Sanitation Campaign, a large government program that encouraged local governments to build and promote use of inexpensive pit latrines. In the early years of the program studied here, the TSC caused six-year-olds exposed to it in their first year of life to be more likely to recognize letters and simple numbers. The results suggest both that open defecation is an important threat to the human capital of the Indian labor force, and that a program feasible to low capacity governments in developing countries could improve average cognitive skills.
format	Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper
author	Spears, Dean Lamba, Sneha
author_facet	Spears, Dean Lamba, Sneha
author_sort	Spears, Dean
title	Effects of Early-Life Exposure to Sanitation on Childhood Cognitive Skills : Evidence from India's Total Sanitation Campaign
title_short	Effects of Early-Life Exposure to Sanitation on Childhood Cognitive Skills : Evidence from India's Total Sanitation Campaign
title_full	Effects of Early-Life Exposure to Sanitation on Childhood Cognitive Skills : Evidence from India's Total Sanitation Campaign
title_fullStr	Effects of Early-Life Exposure to Sanitation on Childhood Cognitive Skills : Evidence from India's Total Sanitation Campaign
title_full_unstemmed	Effects of Early-Life Exposure to Sanitation on Childhood Cognitive Skills : Evidence from India's Total Sanitation Campaign
title_sort	effects of early-life exposure to sanitation on childhood cognitive skills : evidence from india's total sanitation campaign
publisher	World Bank, Washington, DC
publishDate	2014
url	http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2013/10/18403894/effects-early-life-exposure-sanitation-childhood-cognitive-skills-evidence-indias-total-sanitation-campaign http://hdl.handle.net/10986/16872
_version_	1764434766460878848

Effects of Early-Life Exposure to Sanitation on Childhood Cognitive Skills : Evidence from India's Total Sanitation Campaign

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