Urbanization in Developing Countries

The rapid urbanization in many developing countries over the past half century seems to have been accompanied by excessively high levels of concentration of the urban population in very large cities. Some degree of urban concentration may be desira...

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Main Author:	Vernon Henderson
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English en_US
Published:	World Bank 2013
Subjects:	ACCESSIBILITY ACCOUNTING AGGLOMERATION ECONOMIES AIR AIR POLLUTION ARTERIAL ROADS AUTONOMY BANKING SERVICES BIG CITIES BOTTLENECKS BUSINESS SERVICES CAPITAL CITIES CAPITAL INVESTMENT CAPITAL INVESTMENTS CAPITAL MARKETS CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT CENTRAL CITIES CITY SIZE CIVIL SERVICE CONGESTION COSTS COST OF CAPITAL COST OF LIVING CREDITWORTHINESS DECENTRALIZATION DECONCENTRATION ECONOMETRIC EVIDENCE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS ECONOMIES OF SCALE ELASTICITIES ELASTICITY EMPLOYMENT EXPENDITURES EXTERNALITIES FINANCIAL MARKETS FINANCIAL SERVICES FISCAL AUTONOMY FISCAL CENTRALIZATION FOOD PROCESSING FREIGHT GOOD TRANSPORT HEALTH SERVICES HIGHWAY HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION HIGHWAYS HOUSING INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT INDUSTRIAL LOCATION INDUSTRIAL OUTPUT INDUSTRIAL PARKS INDUSTRIALIZATION INFRASTRUCTURE COSTS INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT INSURANCE INTERGOVERNMENTAL TRANSFERS LABOR COSTS LABOR MARKETS LAND DEVELOPMENT LAND DEVELOPMENT PROCESS LAND MARKETS LAND USE LARGE CITIES LOCAL GOVERNMENT LOCAL GOVERNMENTS MEGA CITIES MEGACITIES METROPOLITAN AREAS METROPOLITAN DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITIES MIGRATION MOTOR VEHICLES NEIGHBORHOODS NOISE NOISE POLLUTION POOR AIR QUALITY POPULATION GROWTH PRODUCTIVITY PROVISION OF SERVICES PUBLIC SERVICES PUBLIC WORKS QUALITY OF LIFE QUALITY OF URBAN LIFE RAIL RAIL TRANSIT REVENUE SOURCES ROAD ROAD QUALITY ROADS SATELLITE TOWNS SECURITY SERVICES SERVICE CENTERS SERVICE PROVISION SERVICE SECTOR SEWAGE SEWERAGE SINKING FUNDS SUBURBAN AREAS SUBURBS TAX TOLL TOLL ROADS TOWNS TRAFFIC TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS TRAFFIC CONGESTION TRANSPORT TRANSPORT COSTS TRANSPORT EQUIPMENT TRANSPORT INDUSTRIES TRANSPORT SERVICES TRUE URBAN URBAN AGGLOMERATION URBAN AREAS URBAN BIAS URBAN CENTERS URBAN CONCENTRATION URBAN DEVELOPMENT URBAN ECONOMICS URBAN GROWTH URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE URBAN INSTITUTIONS URBAN LAND URBAN LIFE URBAN PLANNING URBAN POPULATION URBAN PUBLIC FINANCE URBAN RESIDENTS URBAN SPRAWL URBANIZATION URBANIZATION PROCESS UTILITIES WAGES WASTE DISPOSAL WATER POLLUTION
Online Access:	http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2002/01/17592025/urbanization-developing-countries http://hdl.handle.net/10986/16420

id	okr-10986-16420
recordtype	oai_dc
spelling	okr-10986-164202021-04-23T14:03:29Z Urbanization in Developing Countries Vernon Henderson ACCESSIBILITY ACCOUNTING AGGLOMERATION ECONOMIES AIR AIR POLLUTION ARTERIAL ROADS AUTONOMY BANKING SERVICES BIG CITIES BOTTLENECKS BUSINESS SERVICES CAPITAL CITIES CAPITAL INVESTMENT CAPITAL INVESTMENTS CAPITAL MARKETS CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT CENTRAL CITIES CITY SIZE CIVIL SERVICE CONGESTION COSTS COST OF CAPITAL COST OF LIVING CREDITWORTHINESS DECENTRALIZATION DECONCENTRATION ECONOMETRIC EVIDENCE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS ECONOMIES OF SCALE ELASTICITIES ELASTICITY EMPLOYMENT EXPENDITURES EXTERNALITIES FINANCIAL MARKETS FINANCIAL SERVICES FISCAL AUTONOMY FISCAL CENTRALIZATION FOOD PROCESSING FREIGHT GOOD TRANSPORT HEALTH SERVICES HIGHWAY HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION HIGHWAYS HOUSING INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT INDUSTRIAL LOCATION INDUSTRIAL OUTPUT INDUSTRIAL PARKS INDUSTRIALIZATION INFRASTRUCTURE COSTS INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT INSURANCE INTERGOVERNMENTAL TRANSFERS LABOR COSTS LABOR MARKETS LAND DEVELOPMENT LAND DEVELOPMENT PROCESS LAND MARKETS LAND USE LARGE CITIES LOCAL GOVERNMENT LOCAL GOVERNMENTS MEGA CITIES MEGACITIES METROPOLITAN AREAS METROPOLITAN DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITIES MIGRATION MOTOR VEHICLES NEIGHBORHOODS NOISE NOISE POLLUTION POOR AIR QUALITY POPULATION GROWTH PRODUCTIVITY PROVISION OF SERVICES PUBLIC SERVICES PUBLIC WORKS QUALITY OF LIFE QUALITY OF URBAN LIFE RAIL RAIL TRANSIT REVENUE SOURCES ROAD ROAD QUALITY ROADS SATELLITE TOWNS SECURITY SERVICES SERVICE CENTERS SERVICE PROVISION SERVICE SECTOR SEWAGE SEWERAGE SINKING FUNDS SUBURBAN AREAS SUBURBS TAX TOLL TOLL ROADS TOWNS TRAFFIC TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS TRAFFIC CONGESTION TRANSPORT TRANSPORT COSTS TRANSPORT EQUIPMENT TRANSPORT INDUSTRIES TRANSPORT SERVICES TRUE URBAN URBAN AGGLOMERATION URBAN AREAS URBAN BIAS URBAN CENTERS URBAN CONCENTRATION URBAN DEVELOPMENT URBAN ECONOMICS URBAN GROWTH URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE URBAN INSTITUTIONS URBAN LAND URBAN LIFE URBAN PLANNING URBAN POPULATION URBAN PUBLIC FINANCE URBAN RESIDENTS URBAN SPRAWL URBANIZATION URBANIZATION PROCESS UTILITIES WAGES WASTE DISPOSAL WATER POLLUTION The rapid urbanization in many developing countries over the past half century seems to have been accompanied by excessively high levels of concentration of the urban population in very large cities. Some degree of urban concentration may be desirable initially to reduce inter- and intraregional infrastructure expenditures. But in a mature system of cities, economic activity is more spread out. Standardized manufacturing production tends to be de-concentrated into smaller and medium-size metropolitan areas, whereas production in large metropolitan areas focuses on services, research and development, and non-standardized manufacturing. The costs of excessive concentration (traffic accidents, health costs from exposure to high levels of air and water pollution, and time lost to long commutes) stem from the large size of megacities and underdeveloped institutions and human resources for urban planning and management. Alleviating excessively high urban concentration requires investments in interregional transport and telecommunications to facilitate de-concentration of industry. It also requires fiscal de-concentration, so that interior cities can raise the fiscal resources and provide the services needed to compete with primate cities for industry and population. 2013-12-19T22:02:54Z 2013-12-19T22:02:54Z 2002 Journal Article http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2002/01/17592025/urbanization-developing-countries World Bank Research Observer http://hdl.handle.net/10986/16420 English en_US CC BY-NC-ND 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/igo/ World Bank World Bank Publications & Research :: Journal Article Publications & Research :: Journal Article
repository_type	Digital Repository
institution_category	Foreign Institution
institution	Digital Repositories
building	World Bank Open Knowledge Repository
collection	World Bank
language	English en_US
topic	ACCESSIBILITY ACCOUNTING AGGLOMERATION ECONOMIES AIR AIR POLLUTION ARTERIAL ROADS AUTONOMY BANKING SERVICES BIG CITIES BOTTLENECKS BUSINESS SERVICES CAPITAL CITIES CAPITAL INVESTMENT CAPITAL INVESTMENTS CAPITAL MARKETS CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT CENTRAL CITIES CITY SIZE CIVIL SERVICE CONGESTION COSTS COST OF CAPITAL COST OF LIVING CREDITWORTHINESS DECENTRALIZATION DECONCENTRATION ECONOMETRIC EVIDENCE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS ECONOMIES OF SCALE ELASTICITIES ELASTICITY EMPLOYMENT EXPENDITURES EXTERNALITIES FINANCIAL MARKETS FINANCIAL SERVICES FISCAL AUTONOMY FISCAL CENTRALIZATION FOOD PROCESSING FREIGHT GOOD TRANSPORT HEALTH SERVICES HIGHWAY HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION HIGHWAYS HOUSING INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT INDUSTRIAL LOCATION INDUSTRIAL OUTPUT INDUSTRIAL PARKS INDUSTRIALIZATION INFRASTRUCTURE COSTS INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT INSURANCE INTERGOVERNMENTAL TRANSFERS LABOR COSTS LABOR MARKETS LAND DEVELOPMENT LAND DEVELOPMENT PROCESS LAND MARKETS LAND USE LARGE CITIES LOCAL GOVERNMENT LOCAL GOVERNMENTS MEGA CITIES MEGACITIES METROPOLITAN AREAS METROPOLITAN DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITIES MIGRATION MOTOR VEHICLES NEIGHBORHOODS NOISE NOISE POLLUTION POOR AIR QUALITY POPULATION GROWTH PRODUCTIVITY PROVISION OF SERVICES PUBLIC SERVICES PUBLIC WORKS QUALITY OF LIFE QUALITY OF URBAN LIFE RAIL RAIL TRANSIT REVENUE SOURCES ROAD ROAD QUALITY ROADS SATELLITE TOWNS SECURITY SERVICES SERVICE CENTERS SERVICE PROVISION SERVICE SECTOR SEWAGE SEWERAGE SINKING FUNDS SUBURBAN AREAS SUBURBS TAX TOLL TOLL ROADS TOWNS TRAFFIC TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS TRAFFIC CONGESTION TRANSPORT TRANSPORT COSTS TRANSPORT EQUIPMENT TRANSPORT INDUSTRIES TRANSPORT SERVICES TRUE URBAN URBAN AGGLOMERATION URBAN AREAS URBAN BIAS URBAN CENTERS URBAN CONCENTRATION URBAN DEVELOPMENT URBAN ECONOMICS URBAN GROWTH URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE URBAN INSTITUTIONS URBAN LAND URBAN LIFE URBAN PLANNING URBAN POPULATION URBAN PUBLIC FINANCE URBAN RESIDENTS URBAN SPRAWL URBANIZATION URBANIZATION PROCESS UTILITIES WAGES WASTE DISPOSAL WATER POLLUTION
spellingShingle	ACCESSIBILITY ACCOUNTING AGGLOMERATION ECONOMIES AIR AIR POLLUTION ARTERIAL ROADS AUTONOMY BANKING SERVICES BIG CITIES BOTTLENECKS BUSINESS SERVICES CAPITAL CITIES CAPITAL INVESTMENT CAPITAL INVESTMENTS CAPITAL MARKETS CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT CENTRAL CITIES CITY SIZE CIVIL SERVICE CONGESTION COSTS COST OF CAPITAL COST OF LIVING CREDITWORTHINESS DECENTRALIZATION DECONCENTRATION ECONOMETRIC EVIDENCE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS ECONOMIES OF SCALE ELASTICITIES ELASTICITY EMPLOYMENT EXPENDITURES EXTERNALITIES FINANCIAL MARKETS FINANCIAL SERVICES FISCAL AUTONOMY FISCAL CENTRALIZATION FOOD PROCESSING FREIGHT GOOD TRANSPORT HEALTH SERVICES HIGHWAY HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION HIGHWAYS HOUSING INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT INDUSTRIAL LOCATION INDUSTRIAL OUTPUT INDUSTRIAL PARKS INDUSTRIALIZATION INFRASTRUCTURE COSTS INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT INSURANCE INTERGOVERNMENTAL TRANSFERS LABOR COSTS LABOR MARKETS LAND DEVELOPMENT LAND DEVELOPMENT PROCESS LAND MARKETS LAND USE LARGE CITIES LOCAL GOVERNMENT LOCAL GOVERNMENTS MEGA CITIES MEGACITIES METROPOLITAN AREAS METROPOLITAN DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITIES MIGRATION MOTOR VEHICLES NEIGHBORHOODS NOISE NOISE POLLUTION POOR AIR QUALITY POPULATION GROWTH PRODUCTIVITY PROVISION OF SERVICES PUBLIC SERVICES PUBLIC WORKS QUALITY OF LIFE QUALITY OF URBAN LIFE RAIL RAIL TRANSIT REVENUE SOURCES ROAD ROAD QUALITY ROADS SATELLITE TOWNS SECURITY SERVICES SERVICE CENTERS SERVICE PROVISION SERVICE SECTOR SEWAGE SEWERAGE SINKING FUNDS SUBURBAN AREAS SUBURBS TAX TOLL TOLL ROADS TOWNS TRAFFIC TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS TRAFFIC CONGESTION TRANSPORT TRANSPORT COSTS TRANSPORT EQUIPMENT TRANSPORT INDUSTRIES TRANSPORT SERVICES TRUE URBAN URBAN AGGLOMERATION URBAN AREAS URBAN BIAS URBAN CENTERS URBAN CONCENTRATION URBAN DEVELOPMENT URBAN ECONOMICS URBAN GROWTH URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE URBAN INSTITUTIONS URBAN LAND URBAN LIFE URBAN PLANNING URBAN POPULATION URBAN PUBLIC FINANCE URBAN RESIDENTS URBAN SPRAWL URBANIZATION URBANIZATION PROCESS UTILITIES WAGES WASTE DISPOSAL WATER POLLUTION Vernon Henderson Urbanization in Developing Countries
description	The rapid urbanization in many developing countries over the past half century seems to have been accompanied by excessively high levels of concentration of the urban population in very large cities. Some degree of urban concentration may be desirable initially to reduce inter- and intraregional infrastructure expenditures. But in a mature system of cities, economic activity is more spread out. Standardized manufacturing production tends to be de-concentrated into smaller and medium-size metropolitan areas, whereas production in large metropolitan areas focuses on services, research and development, and non-standardized manufacturing. The costs of excessive concentration (traffic accidents, health costs from exposure to high levels of air and water pollution, and time lost to long commutes) stem from the large size of megacities and underdeveloped institutions and human resources for urban planning and management. Alleviating excessively high urban concentration requires investments in interregional transport and telecommunications to facilitate de-concentration of industry. It also requires fiscal de-concentration, so that interior cities can raise the fiscal resources and provide the services needed to compete with primate cities for industry and population.
format	Journal Article
author	Vernon Henderson
author_facet	Vernon Henderson
author_sort	Vernon Henderson
title	Urbanization in Developing Countries
title_short	Urbanization in Developing Countries
title_full	Urbanization in Developing Countries
title_fullStr	Urbanization in Developing Countries
title_full_unstemmed	Urbanization in Developing Countries
title_sort	urbanization in developing countries
publisher	World Bank
publishDate	2013
url	http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2002/01/17592025/urbanization-developing-countries http://hdl.handle.net/10986/16420
_version_	1764433545717088256

Urbanization in Developing Countries

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