Women’s Legal Rights over 50 Years : What Is the Impact of Reform?

This study uses a newly compiled database of women's property rights and legal capacity covering 100 countries over 50 years to test for the impact of legal reforms on employment, health, and education outcomes for women and girls. The database demonstrates gender gaps in the ability to access...

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Main Authors:	Hallward-Driemeier, Mary, Hasan, Tazeen, Bogdana Rusu, Anca
Language:	en_US
Published:	World Bank, Washington, D.C. 2013
Subjects:	access to bank accounts Access to Capital access to contraceptives access to finance adolescent fertility adult literacy age at marriage age of marriage agricultural sector Armed Conflict armed conflicts bank account bank accounts bank loan bargaining bargaining power childbirth citizen citizens civil law Civil War Codes collateral common law constitutions contraception Contraceptive prevalence corruption court courts Credit Access credit constraints crime criminal customary law Developing Countries Development Economics development policy discrimination divorce domestic violence economic activities economic activity economic benefits Economic Development Economic Empowerment Economic Growth economic opportunities Economic Policy economic rights Economics educational attainment employee employer employers employment opportunities Empowering Women empowerment enrollment equal access equal rights equal rights for women equality equality before the law family law Farmers female female Access female employment female population females fertility rate financial support first marriage Foreign law formal financial institution gender Gender Differentials Gender Disparities Gender Equality gender gap gender gaps Gender Law gender parity gender rights global development greater access gross domestic product head of household health care home household investment household surveys household Work Human Capital Human Rights husband husbands immovable property income income categories income groups inequality infant infant health infant mortality Infant mortality rate Informal Economy inheritance inheritance rights International Bank International Food Policy Research Institute labor force labor force participation Labor Market labor market indicators Labor Markets labor supply Labour Land Banks land rights Law Reform laws legal age legal agreements legal capacity legal pluralism legal reform legal reforms Legal Rights legal status Legal Systems legislation legislators level of development levels of education life expectancy literacy live births loan low-income countries marital property marital status marriage age married couples married man married woman maternal mortality Maternal mortality ratio natural resource natural resources newborn number of births number of women occupations outputs ownership rights parliamentary seats Parliamentary Union participation of women Peace Personal Status Personal Status laws policy discussions Policy Makers Policy Research Policy Research Working Paper Political Economy political leadership political participation Practitioners pregnancy primary education primary school principle of equality productivity progress property ownership Property right property rights Ratio of women real estate recognition of rights reform laws religious law rule of law Rule_of_Law rural populations sanction secondary education secondary school Self employed Self employed workers self-employment sex sexual partners sexual violence Small Business spouse spouses start-ups tertiary education tertiary level Treaties unmarried men unmarried women unpaid family workers virtual libraries wife will wives woman women in parliament young adult
Online Access:	http://hdl.handle.net/10986/16318

id	okr-10986-16318
recordtype	oai_dc
repository_type	Digital Repository
institution_category	Foreign Institution
institution	Digital Repositories
building	World Bank Open Knowledge Repository
collection	World Bank
language	en_US
topic	access to bank accounts Access to Capital access to contraceptives access to finance adolescent fertility adult literacy age at marriage age of marriage agricultural sector Armed Conflict armed conflicts bank account bank accounts bank loan bargaining bargaining power childbirth citizen citizens civil law Civil War Codes collateral common law constitutions contraception Contraceptive prevalence corruption court courts Credit Access credit constraints crime criminal customary law Developing Countries Development Economics development policy discrimination divorce domestic violence economic activities economic activity economic benefits Economic Development Economic Empowerment Economic Growth economic opportunities Economic Policy economic rights Economics educational attainment employee employer employers employment opportunities Empowering Women empowerment enrollment equal access equal rights equal rights for women equality equality before the law family law Farmers female female Access female employment female population females fertility rate financial support first marriage Foreign law formal financial institution gender Gender Differentials Gender Disparities Gender Equality gender gap gender gaps Gender Law gender parity gender rights global development greater access gross domestic product head of household health care home household investment household surveys household Work Human Capital Human Rights husband husbands immovable property income income categories income groups inequality infant infant health infant mortality Infant mortality rate Informal Economy inheritance inheritance rights International Bank International Food Policy Research Institute labor force labor force participation Labor Market labor market indicators Labor Markets labor supply Labour Land Banks land rights Law Reform laws legal age legal agreements legal capacity legal pluralism legal reform legal reforms Legal Rights legal status Legal Systems legislation legislators level of development levels of education life expectancy literacy live births loan low-income countries marital property marital status marriage age married couples married man married woman maternal mortality Maternal mortality ratio natural resource natural resources newborn number of births number of women occupations outputs ownership rights parliamentary seats Parliamentary Union participation of women Peace Personal Status Personal Status laws policy discussions Policy Makers Policy Research Policy Research Working Paper Political Economy political leadership political participation Practitioners pregnancy primary education primary school principle of equality productivity progress property ownership Property right property rights Ratio of women real estate recognition of rights reform laws religious law rule of law Rule_of_Law rural populations sanction secondary education secondary school Self employed Self employed workers self-employment sex sexual partners sexual violence Small Business spouse spouses start-ups tertiary education tertiary level Treaties unmarried men unmarried women unpaid family workers virtual libraries wife will wives woman women in parliament young adult
spellingShingle	access to bank accounts Access to Capital access to contraceptives access to finance adolescent fertility adult literacy age at marriage age of marriage agricultural sector Armed Conflict armed conflicts bank account bank accounts bank loan bargaining bargaining power childbirth citizen citizens civil law Civil War Codes collateral common law constitutions contraception Contraceptive prevalence corruption court courts Credit Access credit constraints crime criminal customary law Developing Countries Development Economics development policy discrimination divorce domestic violence economic activities economic activity economic benefits Economic Development Economic Empowerment Economic Growth economic opportunities Economic Policy economic rights Economics educational attainment employee employer employers employment opportunities Empowering Women empowerment enrollment equal access equal rights equal rights for women equality equality before the law family law Farmers female female Access female employment female population females fertility rate financial support first marriage Foreign law formal financial institution gender Gender Differentials Gender Disparities Gender Equality gender gap gender gaps Gender Law gender parity gender rights global development greater access gross domestic product head of household health care home household investment household surveys household Work Human Capital Human Rights husband husbands immovable property income income categories income groups inequality infant infant health infant mortality Infant mortality rate Informal Economy inheritance inheritance rights International Bank International Food Policy Research Institute labor force labor force participation Labor Market labor market indicators Labor Markets labor supply Labour Land Banks land rights Law Reform laws legal age legal agreements legal capacity legal pluralism legal reform legal reforms Legal Rights legal status Legal Systems legislation legislators level of development levels of education life expectancy literacy live births loan low-income countries marital property marital status marriage age married couples married man married woman maternal mortality Maternal mortality ratio natural resource natural resources newborn number of births number of women occupations outputs ownership rights parliamentary seats Parliamentary Union participation of women Peace Personal Status Personal Status laws policy discussions Policy Makers Policy Research Policy Research Working Paper Political Economy political leadership political participation Practitioners pregnancy primary education primary school principle of equality productivity progress property ownership Property right property rights Ratio of women real estate recognition of rights reform laws religious law rule of law Rule_of_Law rural populations sanction secondary education secondary school Self employed Self employed workers self-employment sex sexual partners sexual violence Small Business spouse spouses start-ups tertiary education tertiary level Treaties unmarried men unmarried women unpaid family workers virtual libraries wife will wives woman women in parliament young adult Hallward-Driemeier, Mary Hasan, Tazeen Bogdana Rusu, Anca Women’s Legal Rights over 50 Years : What Is the Impact of Reform?
relation	Policy Research Working Paper;No.WPS 6617
description	This study uses a newly compiled database of women's property rights and legal capacity covering 100 countries over 50 years to test for the impact of legal reforms on employment, health, and education outcomes for women and girls. The database demonstrates gender gaps in the ability to access and own property, sign legal documents in one's own name, and have equality or non-discrimination as a guiding principle of the country's constitution. In the initial period, 75 countries had gender gaps in at least one of these areas and often multiple ones. By 2010, 57 countries had made reforms that strengthened women's economic rights, including 28 countries that had eliminated all of the constraints monitored here. In the cross-section and within countries over time, the removal of gender gaps in rights is associated with greater participation of women in the labor force, greater movement out of agricultural employment, higher rates of women in wage employment, lower adolescent fertility, lower maternal and infant mortality, and higher female educational enrollment. This paper provides evidence on how the strengthening of women's legal rights is associated with important development outcomes.
author	Hallward-Driemeier, Mary Hasan, Tazeen Bogdana Rusu, Anca
author_facet	Hallward-Driemeier, Mary Hasan, Tazeen Bogdana Rusu, Anca
author_sort	Hallward-Driemeier, Mary
title	Women’s Legal Rights over 50 Years : What Is the Impact of Reform?
title_short	Women’s Legal Rights over 50 Years : What Is the Impact of Reform?
title_full	Women’s Legal Rights over 50 Years : What Is the Impact of Reform?
title_fullStr	Women’s Legal Rights over 50 Years : What Is the Impact of Reform?
title_full_unstemmed	Women’s Legal Rights over 50 Years : What Is the Impact of Reform?
title_sort	women’s legal rights over 50 years : what is the impact of reform?
publisher	World Bank, Washington, D.C.
publishDate	2013
url	http://hdl.handle.net/10986/16318
_version_	1764432827423653888
spelling	okr-10986-163182021-04-23T14:03:28Z Women’s Legal Rights over 50 Years : What Is the Impact of Reform? Hallward-Driemeier, Mary Hasan, Tazeen Bogdana Rusu, Anca access to bank accounts Access to Capital access to contraceptives access to finance adolescent fertility adult literacy age at marriage age of marriage agricultural sector Armed Conflict armed conflicts bank account bank accounts bank loan bargaining bargaining power childbirth citizen citizens civil law Civil War Codes collateral common law constitutions contraception Contraceptive prevalence corruption court courts Credit Access credit constraints crime criminal customary law Developing Countries Development Economics development policy discrimination divorce domestic violence economic activities economic activity economic benefits Economic Development Economic Empowerment Economic Growth economic opportunities Economic Policy economic rights Economics educational attainment employee employer employers employment opportunities Empowering Women empowerment enrollment equal access equal rights equal rights for women equality equality before the law family law Farmers female female Access female employment female population females fertility rate financial support first marriage Foreign law formal financial institution gender Gender Differentials Gender Disparities Gender Equality gender gap gender gaps Gender Law gender parity gender rights global development greater access gross domestic product head of household health care home household investment household surveys household Work Human Capital Human Rights husband husbands immovable property income income categories income groups inequality infant infant health infant mortality Infant mortality rate Informal Economy inheritance inheritance rights International Bank International Food Policy Research Institute labor force labor force participation Labor Market labor market indicators Labor Markets labor supply Labour Land Banks land rights Law Reform laws legal age legal agreements legal capacity legal pluralism legal reform legal reforms Legal Rights legal status Legal Systems legislation legislators level of development levels of education life expectancy literacy live births loan low-income countries marital property marital status marriage age married couples married man married woman maternal mortality Maternal mortality ratio natural resource natural resources newborn number of births number of women occupations outputs ownership rights parliamentary seats Parliamentary Union participation of women Peace Personal Status Personal Status laws policy discussions Policy Makers Policy Research Policy Research Working Paper Political Economy political leadership political participation Practitioners pregnancy primary education primary school principle of equality productivity progress property ownership Property right property rights Ratio of women real estate recognition of rights reform laws religious law rule of law Rule_of_Law rural populations sanction secondary education secondary school Self employed Self employed workers self-employment sex sexual partners sexual violence Small Business spouse spouses start-ups tertiary education tertiary level Treaties unmarried men unmarried women unpaid family workers virtual libraries wife will wives woman women in parliament young adult This study uses a newly compiled database of women's property rights and legal capacity covering 100 countries over 50 years to test for the impact of legal reforms on employment, health, and education outcomes for women and girls. The database demonstrates gender gaps in the ability to access and own property, sign legal documents in one's own name, and have equality or non-discrimination as a guiding principle of the country's constitution. In the initial period, 75 countries had gender gaps in at least one of these areas and often multiple ones. By 2010, 57 countries had made reforms that strengthened women's economic rights, including 28 countries that had eliminated all of the constraints monitored here. In the cross-section and within countries over time, the removal of gender gaps in rights is associated with greater participation of women in the labor force, greater movement out of agricultural employment, higher rates of women in wage employment, lower adolescent fertility, lower maternal and infant mortality, and higher female educational enrollment. This paper provides evidence on how the strengthening of women's legal rights is associated with important development outcomes. 2013-11-26T15:12:38Z 2013-11-26T15:12:38Z 2013-09 http://hdl.handle.net/10986/16318 en_US Policy Research Working Paper;No.WPS 6617 CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/ World Bank World Bank, Washington, D.C.

Women’s Legal Rights over 50 Years : What Is the Impact of Reform?

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