FYR Macedonia Gender Diagnostic : Gaps in Endowments, Access to Economic Opportunities and Agency

Former Yugoslav Republic (FYR) of Macedonia has closed several gaps in gender inequalities, particularly in education and health, but key disparities persist in access to economic opportunities and agency, particularly among certain ethnic groups....

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Bibliographic Details
Main Author:	World Bank
Format:	Country Gender Assessment (CGA)
Language:	English en_US
Published:	Washington, DC 2013
Subjects:	ABORTION ABORTION RATE ACCESS TO CREDIT ACCESS TO EDUCATION ACCESS TO FINANCE ACCESS TO NETWORKS ACCESS TO SAVINGS ADOLESCENT FERTILITY AGING WOMEN ASSET ACCUMULATION ASSISTANCE TO VICTIMS BANKS BEATING BIRTHS BRIBES BUSINESS PLANS CAPACITY BUILDING CHILD REARING CHILDBIRTH CONTRACEPTION CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE CULTURAL NORMS DEMAND FOR CONTRACEPTION DEVELOPMENT CENTER DISABLED DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEN DOMESTIC VIOLENCE EARLY MARRIAGE EARNINGS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMEN ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY EDUCATED WOMEN EDUCATION FUND EDUCATION LEVEL EDUCATION LEVELS EDUCATION SYSTEM EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT ELDERLY EMPLOYEE EMPLOYER EMPLOYERS ENDOWMENTS ENROLLMENT ENROLLMENTS ENTREPRENEUR ENTREPRENEURSHIP TRAINING EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES ETHNIC GROUP ETHNIC GROUPS ETHNIC MINORITIES FAMILIES FAMILY FORMATION FAMILY LAW FAMILY OBLIGATIONS FAMILY PLANNING FAMILY RELATIONS FEMALE BUSINESSES FEMALE EMPLOYEES FEMALE EMPLOYMENT FEMALE ENTREPRENEURS FEMALE ENTREPRENEURSHIP FEMALE INTENSITY FEMALE LABOR FEMALE LABOR FORCE FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION FEMALE VICTIMS FEMALE WORKERS FERTILITY RATES FEWER WOMEN FINANCIAL SUPPORT FIRST CHILD FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSIONS FORM OF CREDIT FORMS OF DISCRIMINATION FORMS OF VIOLENCE FORMS OF VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN GENDER GENDER ASSESSMENT GENDER ASSESSMENTS GENDER BUDGETING GENDER DIFFERENCES GENDER DIMENSION GENDER DISPARITIES GENDER DISTRIBUTION GENDER EQUALITY GENDER GAP GENDER GAP IN ACCESS GENDER GAPS GENDER INEQUALITIES GENDER ISSUES GENDER PARITY GENDER PERSPECTIVE GENDER PERSPECTIVES GENDER ROLES GENDER STEREOTYPES GIRLS GROSS ENROLLMENT RATIO HEALTH INSURANCE HOUSEHOLD BUDGET HOUSEHOLD CHORES HOUSEHOLD INCOME HOUSEHOLD RESPONSIBILITIES HOUSEHOLDS HUMAN CAPITAL HUMAN HEALTH HUMAN RESOURCES HUMAN RIGHTS HUMAN RIGHTS OF WOMEN HUSBAND IMPORTANCE OF EDUCATION INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITIES INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISMS JOB CREATION JOB SECURITY LABOR FORCE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION LABOR MARKET LACK OF CAPITAL LEVELS OF EDUCATION LIFE EXPECTANCY LIVE BIRTHS LOAN LONGER LIFE LOW FERTILITY MARITAL STATUS MARRIED WOMEN MATERNAL MORTALITY MATERNAL MORTALITY RATE MATERNITY LEAVE MINIMUM AGE FOR MARRIAGE MINIMUM WAGE MINISTRY OF EDUCATION MOTHER NUMBER OF CHILDREN NUMBER OF WOMEN NUMBER OF WORKERS OLDER MEN OLDER WOMEN OPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMEN OWNERSHIP OF LAND PARENTAL LEAVE PARLIAMENTARY SEATS PARLIAMENTARY UNION PARTICIPATION OF WOMEN PENSION FUND PLAN FOR GENDER EQUALITY POLICE FORCE POLICY IMPLICATIONS POLITICAL PARTICIPATION POLITICAL PARTIES POOR WOMEN POPULATION SUBGROUPS PREGNANCY PREGNANT WOMEN PRENATAL CARE PRIMARY EDUCATION PRIMARY SCHOOL PRODUCTIVITY REPRODUCTIVE AGE RESPECT RETENTION RATE ROLE OF WOMEN RURAL AREAS SAVINGS SCHOLARSHIP SCHOOL STUDENTS SCHOOL YEAR SECONDARY EDUCATION SECONDARY SCHOOL SELF-EMPLOYMENT SERVICE PROVIDERS SHADOW REPORT SKILLED WOMEN SMALL BUSINESS SOCIAL EXPECTATIONS SOCIAL NORMS SOCIAL PRESSURE SOCIAL SCIENCES SOCIAL SECTORS SOURCE OF CREDIT SPOUSE SPOUSES START-UP TECHNICAL SUPPORT TERTIARY EDUCATION TRADE UNION TRADE UNION MEMBERS TRAINING CENTERS TRAINING OPPORTUNITIES TRANSPORTATION UNEDUCATED WOMEN UNEMPLOYED WOMEN UNEMPLOYMENT UNEMPLOYMENT RATES UNICEF UNION UNIVERSITY EDUCATION UNMET DEMAND UNSKILLED WORKERS URBAN AREAS USAID USE OF CONTRACEPTION VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN VOCATIONAL TRAINING WAGE GAP WDR WIDOWS WOMAN WOMEN MANAGERS WOMEN WITH CHILDREN WOMEN WITH REGARD WORK SCHEDULES WORKING-AGE POPULATION YOUNG MEN YOUNG WOMEN
Online Access:	http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2013/01/18064205/former-yugoslav-republic-macedonia-gender-diagnostic-gaps-endowments-access-economic-opportunities-agency http://hdl.handle.net/10986/16253

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Summary:	Former Yugoslav Republic (FYR) of Macedonia has closed several gaps in gender inequalities, particularly in education and health, but key disparities persist in access to economic opportunities and agency, particularly among certain ethnic groups. This report provides an overview of gender disparities in several outcomes related to human and physical endowments, access to economic opportunities, and agency. In addition, it offers potential explanations of these gaps and, in the process, identifies knowledge gaps to be addressed in future research. On average, FYR Macedonia has achieved gender equality in health and in education; however, gender disparities persist for certain population subgroups. However, women are more likely than men to choose general programs or social sciences as their primary field of education. Both men and women are unlikely to undertake additional training following their initial education, but each for different reasons: women are more likely than men to cite family obligations as a key factor in this decision (19 percent of women compared to 1.5 percent of men) as women devote a much larger percentage of their time to domestic activities. In addition, only a limited number of children enroll in pre-school. Female labor force participation is low, particularly among women who have received only a primary education or less. Although female-managed businesses are as productive as male-managed businesses, few women are entrepreneurs. Women's participation in collective actions is limited, and gender stereotypes remain pervasive. Looking forward, further efforts to increase women's access to economic opportunities in FYR Macedonia are needed. Policies aimed at fostering the competitiveness of the private sector for job creation is a key for addressing the high unemployment rates faced by both men and women. In the case of FYR Macedonia, policies can also increase female labor force participation by affecting the potential wages or the reservation wages of less skilled women.

FYR Macedonia Gender Diagnostic : Gaps in Endowments, Access to Economic Opportunities and Agency

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