Middle-Income Traps : A Conceptual and Empirical Survey

In recent years, the term "middle-income trap" has entered common parlance in the development policy community. The term itself often has not been precisely defined in the incipient literature. This paper discusses in more detail definiti...

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Main Authors:	Im, Fernando Gabriel, Rosenblatt, David
Format:	Policy Research Working Paper
Language:	English en_US
Published:	World Bank, Washington, DC 2013
Subjects:	ACCELERATORS AVERAGE GROWTH AVERAGE INCOME AVERAGE INCOMES BENCHMARK BUSINESS CYCLE CAPITA GROWTH CAPITAL ACCUMULATION CONDITIONAL CONVERGENCE CONSTANT RETURNS CONSTANT RETURNS TO SCALE CONVERGENCE PROCESS COUNTRY CLASSIFICATIONS DATA SET DEBT DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DEVELOPMENT OUTCOMES DEVELOPMENT POLICY DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY DIFFERENCES IN INCOME DISTRIBUTION OF INCOME ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC GROWTH RATES ECONOMIC HISTORY ECONOMIC INDICATORS ECONOMIC OUTCOMES ECONOMIC POLICY ECONOMIC PROGRESS ECONOMIC STRUCTURE ECONOMICS LITERATURE EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE EMPIRICAL LITERATURE EMPIRICAL REGULARITY EXCHANGE RATES EXTERNALITY FINANCIAL CRISIS FINANCIAL MARKETS FLUCTUATIONS GDP GDP PER CAPITA GROWTH INCREASES GROWTH MODELS GROWTH RATE GROWTH RATES GROWTH VOLATILITY HIGH INCOME HIGH INCOME COUNTRIES HIGH INCOME COUNTRY HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE HOUSEHOLD INCOME HUMAN CAPITAL INCOME INCOME DISTRIBUTION INCOME DYNAMICS INCOME GROUP INCOME GROUPS INCOME GROWTH INCOME LEVELS INDIVIDUAL COUNTRIES INFANT MORTALITY INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND INVESTMENT CLIMATE LEVEL OF INCOME LIC LIFE EXPECTANCY LOW INCOME LOW INCOME COUNTRIES MACROECONOMIC STABILITY MEASUREMENT ERROR MEDIAN INCOME MIDDLE CLASS MIDDLE INCOME MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRIES MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRY MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES MORTALITY RATES MULTIPLE EQUILIBRIA NATIONAL INCOME NEGATIVE SHOCKS NEOCLASSICAL GROWTH NEOCLASSICAL GROWTH MODEL PER CAPITA GROWTH PER CAPITA INCOME PER CAPITA INCOMES POLICY DETERMINANTS POLICY DISCUSSIONS POLICY IMPLICATIONS POLICY RESEARCH POSITIVE GROWTH POVERTY MEASUREMENT PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE PURCHASING POWER PURCHASING POWER PARITY RATE OF GROWTH REAL GDP RELATIVE DISTRIBUTION RELATIVE INCOME RELATIVE INCOME DISTRIBUTION RELATIVE INCOMES SECONDARY ENROLLMENT SKILLED LABOR SOCIAL OUTCOMES STAGNATION STANDARD DEVIATION STANDARD OF LIVING TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY VOLATILITY WAGES WELFARE ECONOMICS
Online Access:	http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2013/09/18220959/middle-income-traps-conceptual-empirical-survey http://hdl.handle.net/10986/16045

id	okr-10986-16045
recordtype	oai_dc
spelling	okr-10986-160452021-04-23T14:03:27Z Middle-Income Traps : A Conceptual and Empirical Survey Im, Fernando Gabriel Rosenblatt, David ACCELERATORS AVERAGE GROWTH AVERAGE INCOME AVERAGE INCOMES BENCHMARK BUSINESS CYCLE CAPITA GROWTH CAPITAL ACCUMULATION CONDITIONAL CONVERGENCE CONSTANT RETURNS CONSTANT RETURNS TO SCALE CONVERGENCE PROCESS COUNTRY CLASSIFICATIONS DATA SET DEBT DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DEVELOPMENT OUTCOMES DEVELOPMENT POLICY DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY DIFFERENCES IN INCOME DISTRIBUTION OF INCOME ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC GROWTH RATES ECONOMIC HISTORY ECONOMIC INDICATORS ECONOMIC OUTCOMES ECONOMIC POLICY ECONOMIC PROGRESS ECONOMIC STRUCTURE ECONOMICS LITERATURE EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE EMPIRICAL LITERATURE EMPIRICAL REGULARITY EXCHANGE RATES EXTERNALITY FINANCIAL CRISIS FINANCIAL MARKETS FLUCTUATIONS GDP GDP PER CAPITA GROWTH INCREASES GROWTH MODELS GROWTH RATE GROWTH RATES GROWTH VOLATILITY HIGH INCOME HIGH INCOME COUNTRIES HIGH INCOME COUNTRY HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE HOUSEHOLD INCOME HUMAN CAPITAL INCOME INCOME DISTRIBUTION INCOME DYNAMICS INCOME GROUP INCOME GROUPS INCOME GROWTH INCOME LEVELS INDIVIDUAL COUNTRIES INFANT MORTALITY INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND INVESTMENT CLIMATE LEVEL OF INCOME LIC LIFE EXPECTANCY LOW INCOME LOW INCOME COUNTRIES MACROECONOMIC STABILITY MEASUREMENT ERROR MEDIAN INCOME MIDDLE CLASS MIDDLE INCOME MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRIES MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRY MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES MORTALITY RATES MULTIPLE EQUILIBRIA NATIONAL INCOME NEGATIVE SHOCKS NEOCLASSICAL GROWTH NEOCLASSICAL GROWTH MODEL PER CAPITA GROWTH PER CAPITA INCOME PER CAPITA INCOMES POLICY DETERMINANTS POLICY DISCUSSIONS POLICY IMPLICATIONS POLICY RESEARCH POSITIVE GROWTH POVERTY MEASUREMENT PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE PURCHASING POWER PURCHASING POWER PARITY RATE OF GROWTH REAL GDP RELATIVE DISTRIBUTION RELATIVE INCOME RELATIVE INCOME DISTRIBUTION RELATIVE INCOMES SECONDARY ENROLLMENT SKILLED LABOR SOCIAL OUTCOMES STAGNATION STANDARD DEVIATION STANDARD OF LIVING TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY VOLATILITY WAGES WELFARE ECONOMICS In recent years, the term "middle-income trap" has entered common parlance in the development policy community. The term itself often has not been precisely defined in the incipient literature. This paper discusses in more detail definitional issues on the so-called middle-income trap. The paper presents evidence in terms of both absolute and relative thresholds. To get a better understanding of whether the performance of the middle-income trap has been different from other income categories, the paper examines historical transition phases in the inter-country distribution of income based on previous work in the literature. Transition matrix analysis provides little support for the idea of a middle-income trap. Analysis of cross-country patterns of growth provides additional support for the conclusions in the paper, which closes with a general discussion of potential policy implications. 2013-10-02T21:52:14Z 2013-10-02T21:52:14Z 2013-09 http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2013/09/18220959/middle-income-traps-conceptual-empirical-survey http://hdl.handle.net/10986/16045 English en_US Policy Research Working Paper;No. 6594 CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/ World Bank World Bank, Washington, DC Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper Publications & Research
repository_type	Digital Repository
institution_category	Foreign Institution
institution	Digital Repositories
building	World Bank Open Knowledge Repository
collection	World Bank
language	English en_US
topic	ACCELERATORS AVERAGE GROWTH AVERAGE INCOME AVERAGE INCOMES BENCHMARK BUSINESS CYCLE CAPITA GROWTH CAPITAL ACCUMULATION CONDITIONAL CONVERGENCE CONSTANT RETURNS CONSTANT RETURNS TO SCALE CONVERGENCE PROCESS COUNTRY CLASSIFICATIONS DATA SET DEBT DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DEVELOPMENT OUTCOMES DEVELOPMENT POLICY DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY DIFFERENCES IN INCOME DISTRIBUTION OF INCOME ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC GROWTH RATES ECONOMIC HISTORY ECONOMIC INDICATORS ECONOMIC OUTCOMES ECONOMIC POLICY ECONOMIC PROGRESS ECONOMIC STRUCTURE ECONOMICS LITERATURE EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE EMPIRICAL LITERATURE EMPIRICAL REGULARITY EXCHANGE RATES EXTERNALITY FINANCIAL CRISIS FINANCIAL MARKETS FLUCTUATIONS GDP GDP PER CAPITA GROWTH INCREASES GROWTH MODELS GROWTH RATE GROWTH RATES GROWTH VOLATILITY HIGH INCOME HIGH INCOME COUNTRIES HIGH INCOME COUNTRY HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE HOUSEHOLD INCOME HUMAN CAPITAL INCOME INCOME DISTRIBUTION INCOME DYNAMICS INCOME GROUP INCOME GROUPS INCOME GROWTH INCOME LEVELS INDIVIDUAL COUNTRIES INFANT MORTALITY INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND INVESTMENT CLIMATE LEVEL OF INCOME LIC LIFE EXPECTANCY LOW INCOME LOW INCOME COUNTRIES MACROECONOMIC STABILITY MEASUREMENT ERROR MEDIAN INCOME MIDDLE CLASS MIDDLE INCOME MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRIES MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRY MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES MORTALITY RATES MULTIPLE EQUILIBRIA NATIONAL INCOME NEGATIVE SHOCKS NEOCLASSICAL GROWTH NEOCLASSICAL GROWTH MODEL PER CAPITA GROWTH PER CAPITA INCOME PER CAPITA INCOMES POLICY DETERMINANTS POLICY DISCUSSIONS POLICY IMPLICATIONS POLICY RESEARCH POSITIVE GROWTH POVERTY MEASUREMENT PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE PURCHASING POWER PURCHASING POWER PARITY RATE OF GROWTH REAL GDP RELATIVE DISTRIBUTION RELATIVE INCOME RELATIVE INCOME DISTRIBUTION RELATIVE INCOMES SECONDARY ENROLLMENT SKILLED LABOR SOCIAL OUTCOMES STAGNATION STANDARD DEVIATION STANDARD OF LIVING TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY VOLATILITY WAGES WELFARE ECONOMICS
spellingShingle	ACCELERATORS AVERAGE GROWTH AVERAGE INCOME AVERAGE INCOMES BENCHMARK BUSINESS CYCLE CAPITA GROWTH CAPITAL ACCUMULATION CONDITIONAL CONVERGENCE CONSTANT RETURNS CONSTANT RETURNS TO SCALE CONVERGENCE PROCESS COUNTRY CLASSIFICATIONS DATA SET DEBT DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DEVELOPMENT OUTCOMES DEVELOPMENT POLICY DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY DIFFERENCES IN INCOME DISTRIBUTION OF INCOME ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC GROWTH RATES ECONOMIC HISTORY ECONOMIC INDICATORS ECONOMIC OUTCOMES ECONOMIC POLICY ECONOMIC PROGRESS ECONOMIC STRUCTURE ECONOMICS LITERATURE EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE EMPIRICAL LITERATURE EMPIRICAL REGULARITY EXCHANGE RATES EXTERNALITY FINANCIAL CRISIS FINANCIAL MARKETS FLUCTUATIONS GDP GDP PER CAPITA GROWTH INCREASES GROWTH MODELS GROWTH RATE GROWTH RATES GROWTH VOLATILITY HIGH INCOME HIGH INCOME COUNTRIES HIGH INCOME COUNTRY HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE HOUSEHOLD INCOME HUMAN CAPITAL INCOME INCOME DISTRIBUTION INCOME DYNAMICS INCOME GROUP INCOME GROUPS INCOME GROWTH INCOME LEVELS INDIVIDUAL COUNTRIES INFANT MORTALITY INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND INVESTMENT CLIMATE LEVEL OF INCOME LIC LIFE EXPECTANCY LOW INCOME LOW INCOME COUNTRIES MACROECONOMIC STABILITY MEASUREMENT ERROR MEDIAN INCOME MIDDLE CLASS MIDDLE INCOME MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRIES MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRY MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES MORTALITY RATES MULTIPLE EQUILIBRIA NATIONAL INCOME NEGATIVE SHOCKS NEOCLASSICAL GROWTH NEOCLASSICAL GROWTH MODEL PER CAPITA GROWTH PER CAPITA INCOME PER CAPITA INCOMES POLICY DETERMINANTS POLICY DISCUSSIONS POLICY IMPLICATIONS POLICY RESEARCH POSITIVE GROWTH POVERTY MEASUREMENT PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE PURCHASING POWER PURCHASING POWER PARITY RATE OF GROWTH REAL GDP RELATIVE DISTRIBUTION RELATIVE INCOME RELATIVE INCOME DISTRIBUTION RELATIVE INCOMES SECONDARY ENROLLMENT SKILLED LABOR SOCIAL OUTCOMES STAGNATION STANDARD DEVIATION STANDARD OF LIVING TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY VOLATILITY WAGES WELFARE ECONOMICS Im, Fernando Gabriel Rosenblatt, David Middle-Income Traps : A Conceptual and Empirical Survey
relation	Policy Research Working Paper;No. 6594
description	In recent years, the term "middle-income trap" has entered common parlance in the development policy community. The term itself often has not been precisely defined in the incipient literature. This paper discusses in more detail definitional issues on the so-called middle-income trap. The paper presents evidence in terms of both absolute and relative thresholds. To get a better understanding of whether the performance of the middle-income trap has been different from other income categories, the paper examines historical transition phases in the inter-country distribution of income based on previous work in the literature. Transition matrix analysis provides little support for the idea of a middle-income trap. Analysis of cross-country patterns of growth provides additional support for the conclusions in the paper, which closes with a general discussion of potential policy implications.
format	Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper
author	Im, Fernando Gabriel Rosenblatt, David
author_facet	Im, Fernando Gabriel Rosenblatt, David
author_sort	Im, Fernando Gabriel
title	Middle-Income Traps : A Conceptual and Empirical Survey
title_short	Middle-Income Traps : A Conceptual and Empirical Survey
title_full	Middle-Income Traps : A Conceptual and Empirical Survey
title_fullStr	Middle-Income Traps : A Conceptual and Empirical Survey
title_full_unstemmed	Middle-Income Traps : A Conceptual and Empirical Survey
title_sort	middle-income traps : a conceptual and empirical survey
publisher	World Bank, Washington, DC
publishDate	2013
url	http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2013/09/18220959/middle-income-traps-conceptual-empirical-survey http://hdl.handle.net/10986/16045
_version_	1764432073813131264

Middle-Income Traps : A Conceptual and Empirical Survey

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