Top Incomes and the Measurement of Inequality in Egypt

By all accounts, income inequality in Egypt is low and had been declining during the decade that preceded the 2011 revolution. As the Egyptian revolution was partly motivated by claims of social injustice and inequalities, this seems at odds with a...

Full description

Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Hlasny, Vladimir, Verme, Paolo
Format: Policy Research Working Paper
Language:English
en_US
Published: World Bank, Washington, D.C. 2013
Subjects:
Online Access:http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2013/08/18089005/top-incomes-measurement-inequality-egypt
http://hdl.handle.net/10986/15924
id okr-10986-15924
recordtype oai_dc
spelling okr-10986-159242021-04-23T14:03:26Z Top Incomes and the Measurement of Inequality in Egypt Hlasny, Vladimir Verme, Paolo AGGREGATE INCOME AVERAGE INCOME BENCHMARK CASH TRANSFERS COUNTERFACTUAL DATA QUALITY DATA SET DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPMENT POLICY DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION DISTRIBUTION OF INCOME DIVIDENDS EARNING ECONOMETRICS ECONOMIC INEQUALITY ECONOMIC REVIEW ECONOMIC STUDIES EMPIRICAL PURPOSES EMPIRICAL SECTION EXPECTED VALUE EXPLANATORY POWER EXPLANATORY VARIABLES FUNCTIONAL FORM GDP GDP PER CAPITA GINI COEFFICIENT GINI INDEX GROWTH RATES HIGH INCOMES HOUSEHOLD BUDGET HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD INCOME HOUSEHOLD SIZE HOUSEHOLD SURVEY HOUSEHOLD SURVEY DATA HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INCOME INCOME BIAS INCOME DATA INCOME DISTRIBUTION INCOME GROWTH INCOME INEQUALITY INCOME LEVELS INCOME SHARES INCOMES INEQUALITY INEQUALITY ESTIMATES INEQUALITY MEASURE INEQUALITY MEASUREMENT LINEAR MODEL LORENZ CURVE LORENZ CURVES LOW INCOME MEAN INCOME MEAN INCOMES MEASURES OF POVERTY MEASURING INEQUALITY MEASURING POVERTY NEGATIVE RELATIONSHIP POLICY DISCUSSIONS POLICY IMPLICATIONS POLICY RESEARCH POOR POVERTY MEASUREMENT POVERTY MEASURES POVERTY REDUCTION PRIMARY SAMPLING UNITS PSU RANDOM SAMPLING RELATIVE IMPORTANCE RURAL RURAL AREAS RURAL RESIDENTS SALARIES SAVINGS SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS WAGES WEALTH By all accounts, income inequality in Egypt is low and had been declining during the decade that preceded the 2011 revolution. As the Egyptian revolution was partly motivated by claims of social injustice and inequalities, this seems at odds with a low level of income inequality. Moreover, while income inequality shows a decline between 2000 and 2009, the World Values Surveys indicate that the aversion to inequality has significantly increased during the same period and for all social groups. This paper utilizes a range of recently developed statistical techniques to assess the true value of income inequality in the presence of a range of possible measurement issues related to top incomes, including item and unit non-response, outliers and extreme observations, and atypical top income distributions. The analysis finds that correcting for unit non-response significantly increases the estimate of inequality by just over 1 percentage point, that the Egyptian distribution of top incomes follows rather closely the Pareto distribution, and that the inverted Pareto coefficient is located around median values when compared with 418 household surveys worldwide. Hence, income inequality in Egypt is confirmed to be low while the distribution of top incomes is not atypical compared with what Pareto had predicted and compared with other countries in the world. This would suggest that the increased frustration with income inequality voiced by Egyptians and measured by the World Values Surveys is driven by factors other than income inequality. 2013-09-27T20:45:06Z 2013-09-27T20:45:06Z 2013-08 http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2013/08/18089005/top-incomes-measurement-inequality-egypt http://hdl.handle.net/10986/15924 English en_US Policy Research Working Paper;No.6557 CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/ World Bank World Bank, Washington, D.C. Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper Publications & Research Middle East and North Africa Egypt, Arab Republic of
repository_type Digital Repository
institution_category Foreign Institution
institution Digital Repositories
building World Bank Open Knowledge Repository
collection World Bank
language English
en_US
topic AGGREGATE INCOME
AVERAGE INCOME
BENCHMARK
CASH TRANSFERS
COUNTERFACTUAL
DATA QUALITY
DATA SET
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
DEVELOPMENT POLICY
DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION
DISTRIBUTION OF INCOME
DIVIDENDS
EARNING
ECONOMETRICS
ECONOMIC INEQUALITY
ECONOMIC REVIEW
ECONOMIC STUDIES
EMPIRICAL PURPOSES
EMPIRICAL SECTION
EXPECTED VALUE
EXPLANATORY POWER
EXPLANATORY VARIABLES
FUNCTIONAL FORM
GDP
GDP PER CAPITA
GINI COEFFICIENT
GINI INDEX
GROWTH RATES
HIGH INCOMES
HOUSEHOLD BUDGET
HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION
HOUSEHOLD DATA
HOUSEHOLD INCOME
HOUSEHOLD SIZE
HOUSEHOLD SURVEY
HOUSEHOLD SURVEY DATA
HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
INCOME
INCOME BIAS
INCOME DATA
INCOME DISTRIBUTION
INCOME GROWTH
INCOME INEQUALITY
INCOME LEVELS
INCOME SHARES
INCOMES
INEQUALITY
INEQUALITY ESTIMATES
INEQUALITY MEASURE
INEQUALITY MEASUREMENT
LINEAR MODEL
LORENZ CURVE
LORENZ CURVES
LOW INCOME
MEAN INCOME
MEAN INCOMES
MEASURES OF POVERTY
MEASURING INEQUALITY
MEASURING POVERTY
NEGATIVE RELATIONSHIP
POLICY DISCUSSIONS
POLICY IMPLICATIONS
POLICY RESEARCH
POOR
POVERTY MEASUREMENT
POVERTY MEASURES
POVERTY REDUCTION
PRIMARY SAMPLING UNITS
PSU
RANDOM SAMPLING
RELATIVE IMPORTANCE
RURAL
RURAL AREAS
RURAL RESIDENTS
SALARIES
SAVINGS
SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS
WAGES
WEALTH
spellingShingle AGGREGATE INCOME
AVERAGE INCOME
BENCHMARK
CASH TRANSFERS
COUNTERFACTUAL
DATA QUALITY
DATA SET
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
DEVELOPMENT POLICY
DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION
DISTRIBUTION OF INCOME
DIVIDENDS
EARNING
ECONOMETRICS
ECONOMIC INEQUALITY
ECONOMIC REVIEW
ECONOMIC STUDIES
EMPIRICAL PURPOSES
EMPIRICAL SECTION
EXPECTED VALUE
EXPLANATORY POWER
EXPLANATORY VARIABLES
FUNCTIONAL FORM
GDP
GDP PER CAPITA
GINI COEFFICIENT
GINI INDEX
GROWTH RATES
HIGH INCOMES
HOUSEHOLD BUDGET
HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION
HOUSEHOLD DATA
HOUSEHOLD INCOME
HOUSEHOLD SIZE
HOUSEHOLD SURVEY
HOUSEHOLD SURVEY DATA
HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
INCOME
INCOME BIAS
INCOME DATA
INCOME DISTRIBUTION
INCOME GROWTH
INCOME INEQUALITY
INCOME LEVELS
INCOME SHARES
INCOMES
INEQUALITY
INEQUALITY ESTIMATES
INEQUALITY MEASURE
INEQUALITY MEASUREMENT
LINEAR MODEL
LORENZ CURVE
LORENZ CURVES
LOW INCOME
MEAN INCOME
MEAN INCOMES
MEASURES OF POVERTY
MEASURING INEQUALITY
MEASURING POVERTY
NEGATIVE RELATIONSHIP
POLICY DISCUSSIONS
POLICY IMPLICATIONS
POLICY RESEARCH
POOR
POVERTY MEASUREMENT
POVERTY MEASURES
POVERTY REDUCTION
PRIMARY SAMPLING UNITS
PSU
RANDOM SAMPLING
RELATIVE IMPORTANCE
RURAL
RURAL AREAS
RURAL RESIDENTS
SALARIES
SAVINGS
SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS
WAGES
WEALTH
Hlasny, Vladimir
Verme, Paolo
Top Incomes and the Measurement of Inequality in Egypt
geographic_facet Middle East and North Africa
Egypt, Arab Republic of
relation Policy Research Working Paper;No.6557
description By all accounts, income inequality in Egypt is low and had been declining during the decade that preceded the 2011 revolution. As the Egyptian revolution was partly motivated by claims of social injustice and inequalities, this seems at odds with a low level of income inequality. Moreover, while income inequality shows a decline between 2000 and 2009, the World Values Surveys indicate that the aversion to inequality has significantly increased during the same period and for all social groups. This paper utilizes a range of recently developed statistical techniques to assess the true value of income inequality in the presence of a range of possible measurement issues related to top incomes, including item and unit non-response, outliers and extreme observations, and atypical top income distributions. The analysis finds that correcting for unit non-response significantly increases the estimate of inequality by just over 1 percentage point, that the Egyptian distribution of top incomes follows rather closely the Pareto distribution, and that the inverted Pareto coefficient is located around median values when compared with 418 household surveys worldwide. Hence, income inequality in Egypt is confirmed to be low while the distribution of top incomes is not atypical compared with what Pareto had predicted and compared with other countries in the world. This would suggest that the increased frustration with income inequality voiced by Egyptians and measured by the World Values Surveys is driven by factors other than income inequality.
format Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper
author Hlasny, Vladimir
Verme, Paolo
author_facet Hlasny, Vladimir
Verme, Paolo
author_sort Hlasny, Vladimir
title Top Incomes and the Measurement of Inequality in Egypt
title_short Top Incomes and the Measurement of Inequality in Egypt
title_full Top Incomes and the Measurement of Inequality in Egypt
title_fullStr Top Incomes and the Measurement of Inequality in Egypt
title_full_unstemmed Top Incomes and the Measurement of Inequality in Egypt
title_sort top incomes and the measurement of inequality in egypt
publisher World Bank, Washington, D.C.
publishDate 2013
url http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2013/08/18089005/top-incomes-measurement-inequality-egypt
http://hdl.handle.net/10986/15924
_version_ 1764431955899711488