Understanding the Sources of Spatial Disparity and Convergence : Evidence from Bangladesh

This paper utilizes the mixed effects model to measure and decompose spatial disparity in per capita expenditure in Bangladesh between 2000 and 2010. It finds a significant decline in spatial disparity in urban areas and the country as a whole but...

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Main Author:	Shilpi, Forhad
Format:	Policy Research Working Paper
Language:	English en_US
Published:	World Bank, Washington, DC 2013
Subjects:	ACCESS TO DRINKING WATER ACCESS TO ELECTRICITY ACCESS TO INFRASTRUCTURE ACCESS TO SAFE DRINKING WATER ACCESS TO SANITATION ACCESS TO SERVICES AGRICULTURAL WORKERS BASIC INFRASTRUCTURE BULLETIN CITIES CLEAN DRINKING WATER COST OF LIVING INDICES CURRENT POPULATION DECLINE IN POVERTY DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS DEPENDENCY RATIO DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPMENT POLICY DISTRICTS DRINKING WATER ECOLOGICAL ZONES ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC GROWTH EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT ENGINEERS EQUALITY OF OPPORTUNITY EXTERNALITIES FARM EMPLOYMENT FEWER HOUSEHOLDS GENDER HOUSEHOLD HEAD HOUSEHOLD INCOME HOUSEHOLD LEVEL HOUSEHOLD SIZE HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS HOUSEHOLD WELFARE HOUSEHOLDS WITH ELECTRICITY HOUSING HUMAN CAPITAL INCIDENCE OF POVERTY INCOME INEQUALITY INTERNAL MIGRATION INVESTMENT IN EDUCATION LABOR FORCE LABOR MOBILITY LACK OF INFORMATION LACK OF INFRASTRUCTURE LAND QUALITY LARGE CITIES LIVING STANDARDS MIGRATION MOBILITY NATURAL RESOURCES NEIGHBORHOOD NUMBER OF CHILDREN NUMBER OF HOUSEHOLDS PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION POLICY DISCUSSIONS POLICY MAKERS POLICY RESEARCH POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER POLITICAL ECONOMY POOR POOR AREAS POOR COMMUNITIES POOR PEOPLE POORER REGIONS POPULATION CENSUS POPULATION DENSITY POVERTY ASSESSMENTS POVERTY HEAD POVERTY HEADCOUNT RATE POVERTY INCIDENCE POVERTY LINE POVERTY REDUCTION PRODUCTION WORKERS PROGRESS QUALITY OF LIFE REGIONAL CONVERGENCE REGIONAL DISPARITY REGIONAL DIVERGENCE REGIONAL INEQUALITIES REGIONAL INEQUALITY REGIONAL SCIENCES RENTS ROAD ROAD TRANSPORT RURAL RURAL AREAS RURAL DEVELOPMENT RURAL EMPLOYMENT RURAL HOUSEHOLDS RURAL WORKERS SANITATION SCHOOL ACCESS SERVICE PROVISION SKILLED WORKERS SOCIAL TENSIONS SPATIAL DIFFERENCES SPATIAL DISPARITY SPATIAL EQUILIBRIUM MODEL SPATIAL INEQUALITY SPATIAL VARIATIONS TRANSPORT COSTS TRAVEL TIME TRAVEL TIMES TV URBAN AREAS URBAN CENTERS WEALTH WORKFORCE mixed effects model infrastructure neighborhood correlation sorting
Online Access:	http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2013/06/17940164/understanding-sources-spatial-disparity-convergence-evidence-bangladesh http://hdl.handle.net/10986/15877

id	okr-10986-15877
recordtype	oai_dc
spelling	okr-10986-158772021-04-23T14:03:26Z Understanding the Sources of Spatial Disparity and Convergence : Evidence from Bangladesh Shilpi, Forhad ACCESS TO DRINKING WATER ACCESS TO ELECTRICITY ACCESS TO INFRASTRUCTURE ACCESS TO SAFE DRINKING WATER ACCESS TO SANITATION ACCESS TO SERVICES AGRICULTURAL WORKERS BASIC INFRASTRUCTURE BULLETIN CITIES CLEAN DRINKING WATER COST OF LIVING INDICES CURRENT POPULATION DECLINE IN POVERTY DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS DEPENDENCY RATIO DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPMENT POLICY DISTRICTS DRINKING WATER ECOLOGICAL ZONES ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC GROWTH EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT ENGINEERS EQUALITY OF OPPORTUNITY EXTERNALITIES FARM EMPLOYMENT FEWER HOUSEHOLDS GENDER HOUSEHOLD HEAD HOUSEHOLD INCOME HOUSEHOLD LEVEL HOUSEHOLD SIZE HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS HOUSEHOLD WELFARE HOUSEHOLDS WITH ELECTRICITY HOUSING HUMAN CAPITAL INCIDENCE OF POVERTY INCOME INEQUALITY INTERNAL MIGRATION INVESTMENT IN EDUCATION LABOR FORCE LABOR MOBILITY LACK OF INFORMATION LACK OF INFRASTRUCTURE LAND QUALITY LARGE CITIES LIVING STANDARDS MIGRATION MOBILITY NATURAL RESOURCES NEIGHBORHOOD NUMBER OF CHILDREN NUMBER OF HOUSEHOLDS PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION POLICY DISCUSSIONS POLICY MAKERS POLICY RESEARCH POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER POLITICAL ECONOMY POOR POOR AREAS POOR COMMUNITIES POOR PEOPLE POORER REGIONS POPULATION CENSUS POPULATION DENSITY POVERTY ASSESSMENTS POVERTY HEAD POVERTY HEADCOUNT RATE POVERTY INCIDENCE POVERTY LINE POVERTY REDUCTION PRODUCTION WORKERS PROGRESS QUALITY OF LIFE REGIONAL CONVERGENCE REGIONAL DISPARITY REGIONAL DIVERGENCE REGIONAL INEQUALITIES REGIONAL INEQUALITY REGIONAL SCIENCES RENTS ROAD ROAD TRANSPORT RURAL RURAL AREAS RURAL DEVELOPMENT RURAL EMPLOYMENT RURAL HOUSEHOLDS RURAL WORKERS SANITATION SCHOOL ACCESS SERVICE PROVISION SKILLED WORKERS SOCIAL TENSIONS SPATIAL DIFFERENCES SPATIAL DISPARITY SPATIAL EQUILIBRIUM MODEL SPATIAL INEQUALITY SPATIAL VARIATIONS TRANSPORT COSTS TRAVEL TIME TRAVEL TIMES TV URBAN AREAS URBAN CENTERS WEALTH WORKFORCE mixed effects model infrastructure neighborhood correlation sorting This paper utilizes the mixed effects model to measure and decompose spatial disparity in per capita expenditure in Bangladesh between 2000 and 2010. It finds a significant decline in spatial disparity in urban areas and the country as a whole but no substantial change in rural areas. The decomposition analysis indicates that average years of education, the percentage of households with electricity connections, and phone ownership account for most of the spatial variations in welfare. Spatial convergence in urban areas can be explained primarily by the expansion of electricity and phone networks for household use. Improved access to these services had little effect on spatial disparity in rural areas. This paper offers several explanations for the difference in convergence rates between urban and rural areas. 2013-09-26T18:41:37Z 2013-09-26T18:41:37Z 2013-06 http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2013/06/17940164/understanding-sources-spatial-disparity-convergence-evidence-bangladesh http://hdl.handle.net/10986/15877 English en_US Policy Research Working Paper;No. 6519 CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/ World Bank World Bank, Washington, DC Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper Publications & Research South Asia Bangladesh
repository_type	Digital Repository
institution_category	Foreign Institution
institution	Digital Repositories
building	World Bank Open Knowledge Repository
collection	World Bank
language	English en_US
topic	ACCESS TO DRINKING WATER ACCESS TO ELECTRICITY ACCESS TO INFRASTRUCTURE ACCESS TO SAFE DRINKING WATER ACCESS TO SANITATION ACCESS TO SERVICES AGRICULTURAL WORKERS BASIC INFRASTRUCTURE BULLETIN CITIES CLEAN DRINKING WATER COST OF LIVING INDICES CURRENT POPULATION DECLINE IN POVERTY DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS DEPENDENCY RATIO DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPMENT POLICY DISTRICTS DRINKING WATER ECOLOGICAL ZONES ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC GROWTH EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT ENGINEERS EQUALITY OF OPPORTUNITY EXTERNALITIES FARM EMPLOYMENT FEWER HOUSEHOLDS GENDER HOUSEHOLD HEAD HOUSEHOLD INCOME HOUSEHOLD LEVEL HOUSEHOLD SIZE HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS HOUSEHOLD WELFARE HOUSEHOLDS WITH ELECTRICITY HOUSING HUMAN CAPITAL INCIDENCE OF POVERTY INCOME INEQUALITY INTERNAL MIGRATION INVESTMENT IN EDUCATION LABOR FORCE LABOR MOBILITY LACK OF INFORMATION LACK OF INFRASTRUCTURE LAND QUALITY LARGE CITIES LIVING STANDARDS MIGRATION MOBILITY NATURAL RESOURCES NEIGHBORHOOD NUMBER OF CHILDREN NUMBER OF HOUSEHOLDS PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION POLICY DISCUSSIONS POLICY MAKERS POLICY RESEARCH POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER POLITICAL ECONOMY POOR POOR AREAS POOR COMMUNITIES POOR PEOPLE POORER REGIONS POPULATION CENSUS POPULATION DENSITY POVERTY ASSESSMENTS POVERTY HEAD POVERTY HEADCOUNT RATE POVERTY INCIDENCE POVERTY LINE POVERTY REDUCTION PRODUCTION WORKERS PROGRESS QUALITY OF LIFE REGIONAL CONVERGENCE REGIONAL DISPARITY REGIONAL DIVERGENCE REGIONAL INEQUALITIES REGIONAL INEQUALITY REGIONAL SCIENCES RENTS ROAD ROAD TRANSPORT RURAL RURAL AREAS RURAL DEVELOPMENT RURAL EMPLOYMENT RURAL HOUSEHOLDS RURAL WORKERS SANITATION SCHOOL ACCESS SERVICE PROVISION SKILLED WORKERS SOCIAL TENSIONS SPATIAL DIFFERENCES SPATIAL DISPARITY SPATIAL EQUILIBRIUM MODEL SPATIAL INEQUALITY SPATIAL VARIATIONS TRANSPORT COSTS TRAVEL TIME TRAVEL TIMES TV URBAN AREAS URBAN CENTERS WEALTH WORKFORCE mixed effects model infrastructure neighborhood correlation sorting
spellingShingle	ACCESS TO DRINKING WATER ACCESS TO ELECTRICITY ACCESS TO INFRASTRUCTURE ACCESS TO SAFE DRINKING WATER ACCESS TO SANITATION ACCESS TO SERVICES AGRICULTURAL WORKERS BASIC INFRASTRUCTURE BULLETIN CITIES CLEAN DRINKING WATER COST OF LIVING INDICES CURRENT POPULATION DECLINE IN POVERTY DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS DEPENDENCY RATIO DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPMENT POLICY DISTRICTS DRINKING WATER ECOLOGICAL ZONES ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC GROWTH EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT ENGINEERS EQUALITY OF OPPORTUNITY EXTERNALITIES FARM EMPLOYMENT FEWER HOUSEHOLDS GENDER HOUSEHOLD HEAD HOUSEHOLD INCOME HOUSEHOLD LEVEL HOUSEHOLD SIZE HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS HOUSEHOLD WELFARE HOUSEHOLDS WITH ELECTRICITY HOUSING HUMAN CAPITAL INCIDENCE OF POVERTY INCOME INEQUALITY INTERNAL MIGRATION INVESTMENT IN EDUCATION LABOR FORCE LABOR MOBILITY LACK OF INFORMATION LACK OF INFRASTRUCTURE LAND QUALITY LARGE CITIES LIVING STANDARDS MIGRATION MOBILITY NATURAL RESOURCES NEIGHBORHOOD NUMBER OF CHILDREN NUMBER OF HOUSEHOLDS PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION POLICY DISCUSSIONS POLICY MAKERS POLICY RESEARCH POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER POLITICAL ECONOMY POOR POOR AREAS POOR COMMUNITIES POOR PEOPLE POORER REGIONS POPULATION CENSUS POPULATION DENSITY POVERTY ASSESSMENTS POVERTY HEAD POVERTY HEADCOUNT RATE POVERTY INCIDENCE POVERTY LINE POVERTY REDUCTION PRODUCTION WORKERS PROGRESS QUALITY OF LIFE REGIONAL CONVERGENCE REGIONAL DISPARITY REGIONAL DIVERGENCE REGIONAL INEQUALITIES REGIONAL INEQUALITY REGIONAL SCIENCES RENTS ROAD ROAD TRANSPORT RURAL RURAL AREAS RURAL DEVELOPMENT RURAL EMPLOYMENT RURAL HOUSEHOLDS RURAL WORKERS SANITATION SCHOOL ACCESS SERVICE PROVISION SKILLED WORKERS SOCIAL TENSIONS SPATIAL DIFFERENCES SPATIAL DISPARITY SPATIAL EQUILIBRIUM MODEL SPATIAL INEQUALITY SPATIAL VARIATIONS TRANSPORT COSTS TRAVEL TIME TRAVEL TIMES TV URBAN AREAS URBAN CENTERS WEALTH WORKFORCE mixed effects model infrastructure neighborhood correlation sorting Shilpi, Forhad Understanding the Sources of Spatial Disparity and Convergence : Evidence from Bangladesh
geographic_facet	South Asia Bangladesh
relation	Policy Research Working Paper;No. 6519
description	This paper utilizes the mixed effects model to measure and decompose spatial disparity in per capita expenditure in Bangladesh between 2000 and 2010. It finds a significant decline in spatial disparity in urban areas and the country as a whole but no substantial change in rural areas. The decomposition analysis indicates that average years of education, the percentage of households with electricity connections, and phone ownership account for most of the spatial variations in welfare. Spatial convergence in urban areas can be explained primarily by the expansion of electricity and phone networks for household use. Improved access to these services had little effect on spatial disparity in rural areas. This paper offers several explanations for the difference in convergence rates between urban and rural areas.
format	Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper
author	Shilpi, Forhad
author_facet	Shilpi, Forhad
author_sort	Shilpi, Forhad
title	Understanding the Sources of Spatial Disparity and Convergence : Evidence from Bangladesh
title_short	Understanding the Sources of Spatial Disparity and Convergence : Evidence from Bangladesh
title_full	Understanding the Sources of Spatial Disparity and Convergence : Evidence from Bangladesh
title_fullStr	Understanding the Sources of Spatial Disparity and Convergence : Evidence from Bangladesh
title_full_unstemmed	Understanding the Sources of Spatial Disparity and Convergence : Evidence from Bangladesh
title_sort	understanding the sources of spatial disparity and convergence : evidence from bangladesh
publisher	World Bank, Washington, DC
publishDate	2013
url	http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2013/06/17940164/understanding-sources-spatial-disparity-convergence-evidence-bangladesh http://hdl.handle.net/10986/15877
_version_	1764431835013578752

Understanding the Sources of Spatial Disparity and Convergence : Evidence from Bangladesh

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