Developing Country Trade Policies and Market Access Issues : 1990-2012

The study presents a comprehensive review of developing country trade policies and market access issues as they evolved over the period 1990-2012. The main findings are, first, that applied tariffs as well as traditional core non-tariff measures ha...

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Main Authors: Michalopoulos, Constantine, Ng, Francis
Format: Policy Research Working Paper
Language:English
en_US
Published: World Bank, Washington, DC 2013
Subjects:
EPZ
GDP
TAX
WTO
Online Access:http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2013/05/17772240/
http://hdl.handle.net/10986/15554
id okr-10986-15554
recordtype oai_dc
repository_type Digital Repository
institution_category Foreign Institution
institution Digital Repositories
building World Bank Open Knowledge Repository
collection World Bank
language English
en_US
topic ADVERSE EFFECTS
ADVERSE IMPACT
AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES
AGRICULTURAL EXPORTERS
AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION
AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS
AGRICULTURE
ANTI-DUMPING INVESTIGATIONS
ANTI-DUMPING MEASURES
ANTIDUMPING
ANTIDUMPING DATABASE
ANTIDUMPING MEASURES
APPLIED TARIFF
AVERAGE TARIFF
AVERAGE TARIFFS
BALANCE OF PAYMENTS
BARRIERS TO TRADE
CAPITAL GOODS
COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE
COMPETITION POLICY
CONSUMER GOODS
CONSUMERS
COUNTRY MARKETS
CUSTOMS
CUSTOMS UNION
DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
DEVELOPING COUNTRY
DEVELOPING COUNTRY MARKETS
DEVELOPING ECONOMIES
DEVELOPMENT POLICY
DIMINISHING RETURNS
DOMESTIC INDUSTRIES
DOMESTIC INDUSTRY
DOMESTIC MARKET
DOMESTIC MARKETS
DOMESTIC PRICE
DOMESTIC PRICE OF IMPORTS
DOMESTIC PRODUCERS
DOMESTIC PRODUCTION
DOMESTIC TAXES
DUMPING
DURABLE
DURABLE GOODS
DUTY DRAWBACK
ECONOMIC CRISIS
ECONOMIC POLICIES
EMERGING ECONOMIES
EPZ
EQUIPMENT
EXCHANGE CONTROL
EXCHANGE RATE
EXPORT FINANCING
EXPORT INCENTIVES
EXPORT LICENSING
EXPORT MARKETS
EXPORT PRICE
EXPORT PRICES
EXPORT PROCESSING
EXPORT PROCESSING ZONES
EXPORT PROHIBITIONS
EXPORT PROMOTION
EXPORT PROMOTION AGENCIES
EXPORT QUOTAS
EXPORT SUBSIDIES
EXPORT SUBSIDY
EXPORT TAXES
EXPORTERS
EXPORTS
EXTERNALITIES
FINAL GOODS
FINANCIAL CRISIS
FOOD PRICES
FOREIGN CURRENCY
FOREIGN FINANCING
FOREIGN MARKETS
FOREIGN SUPPLIERS
FREE TRADE
FREE TRADE AREA
GDP
GENERALIZED SYSTEM OF PREFERENCES
GLOBAL INTEGRATION
GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION
HIGH TRADE BARRIERS
IMPORT CONTROLS
IMPORT LICENSING
IMPORT PROHIBITIONS
IMPORT PROTECTION
IMPORT REGIME
IMPORTS
INCOME
INCOME GROUP
INCOME GROUPS
INCOME LEVEL
INDUSTRIAL COUNTRIES
INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS
INDUSTRIALIZATION
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
INSTRUMENT
INSURANCE
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS
INTERNATIONAL BANK
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS
INTERNATIONAL TRADE
INTERNATIONAL TRADING
INTERNATIONAL TRADING SYSTEM
INVESTMENT CLIMATE
LDCS
LEVIES
LEVY
LIABILITY
LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES
MACRO-ECONOMIC POLICIES
MARKET ACCESS
MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES
MOST FAVORED NATION
MULTILATERAL SYSTEM
MULTILATERAL TRADE
MULTILATERAL TRADE NEGOTIATIONS
MUTUAL RECOGNITION
MUTUAL RECOGNITION AGREEMENTS
NON-TARIFF BARRIERS
OIL IMPORTS
PARTICULAR COUNTRIES
PER CAPITA INCOME
POLITICAL ECONOMY
PREFERENTIAL AGREEMENTS
PREFERENTIAL ARRANGEMENTS
PREFERENTIAL MARGINS
PREFERENTIAL RATES
PREFERENTIAL TARIFFS
PREFERENTIAL TRADE
PREFERENTIAL TRADE AGREEMENTS
PREFERENTIAL TREATMENT
PRICE CONTROLS
PRICE SUPPORTS
PROTECTION MEASURES
PROTECTION OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS
PROTECTIONISM
QUANTITATIVE RESTRICTIONS
RATES OF PROTECTION
REGIONAL INTEGRATION
REGIONAL TRADE
RULES OF ORIGIN
SAFEGUARD ACTIONS
SAFEGUARD MEASURES
SAFETY STANDARDS
SPECIAL SAFEGUARD
TARIFF BINDINGS
TARIFF DATA
TARIFF DISPERSION
TARIFF EQUIVALENTS
TARIFF ESCALATION
TARIFF LINE
TARIFF LINES
TARIFF QUOTA
TARIFF QUOTAS
TARIFF RATE
TARIFF RATES
TARIFF REDUCTION
TARIFF SCHEDULE
TARIFF SCHEDULES
TARIFF STRUCTURE
TAX
TAX LIABILITY
TAXATION
TECHNICAL BARRIERS
TRADE BARRIERS
TRADE DATA
TRADE DISCIPLINES
TRADE DIVERSION
TRADE IN SERVICES
TRADE OPENNESS
TRADE PERFORMANCE
TRADE POLICIES
TRADE POLICY
TRADE REGIME
TRADE REGIMES
TRADE REMEDIES
TRADE REMEDY
TRADE REMEDY MEASURES
TRANSPARENCY
UNFAIR TRADE PRACTICES
UNILATERAL LIBERALIZATION
UNILATERAL PREFERENCES
URUGUAY ROUND
VALUE ADDED
VOLUNTARY EXPORT RESTRAINTS
WORLD PRICES
WORLD TRADE
WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION
WTO
spellingShingle ADVERSE EFFECTS
ADVERSE IMPACT
AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES
AGRICULTURAL EXPORTERS
AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION
AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS
AGRICULTURE
ANTI-DUMPING INVESTIGATIONS
ANTI-DUMPING MEASURES
ANTIDUMPING
ANTIDUMPING DATABASE
ANTIDUMPING MEASURES
APPLIED TARIFF
AVERAGE TARIFF
AVERAGE TARIFFS
BALANCE OF PAYMENTS
BARRIERS TO TRADE
CAPITAL GOODS
COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE
COMPETITION POLICY
CONSUMER GOODS
CONSUMERS
COUNTRY MARKETS
CUSTOMS
CUSTOMS UNION
DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
DEVELOPING COUNTRY
DEVELOPING COUNTRY MARKETS
DEVELOPING ECONOMIES
DEVELOPMENT POLICY
DIMINISHING RETURNS
DOMESTIC INDUSTRIES
DOMESTIC INDUSTRY
DOMESTIC MARKET
DOMESTIC MARKETS
DOMESTIC PRICE
DOMESTIC PRICE OF IMPORTS
DOMESTIC PRODUCERS
DOMESTIC PRODUCTION
DOMESTIC TAXES
DUMPING
DURABLE
DURABLE GOODS
DUTY DRAWBACK
ECONOMIC CRISIS
ECONOMIC POLICIES
EMERGING ECONOMIES
EPZ
EQUIPMENT
EXCHANGE CONTROL
EXCHANGE RATE
EXPORT FINANCING
EXPORT INCENTIVES
EXPORT LICENSING
EXPORT MARKETS
EXPORT PRICE
EXPORT PRICES
EXPORT PROCESSING
EXPORT PROCESSING ZONES
EXPORT PROHIBITIONS
EXPORT PROMOTION
EXPORT PROMOTION AGENCIES
EXPORT QUOTAS
EXPORT SUBSIDIES
EXPORT SUBSIDY
EXPORT TAXES
EXPORTERS
EXPORTS
EXTERNALITIES
FINAL GOODS
FINANCIAL CRISIS
FOOD PRICES
FOREIGN CURRENCY
FOREIGN FINANCING
FOREIGN MARKETS
FOREIGN SUPPLIERS
FREE TRADE
FREE TRADE AREA
GDP
GENERALIZED SYSTEM OF PREFERENCES
GLOBAL INTEGRATION
GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION
HIGH TRADE BARRIERS
IMPORT CONTROLS
IMPORT LICENSING
IMPORT PROHIBITIONS
IMPORT PROTECTION
IMPORT REGIME
IMPORTS
INCOME
INCOME GROUP
INCOME GROUPS
INCOME LEVEL
INDUSTRIAL COUNTRIES
INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS
INDUSTRIALIZATION
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
INSTRUMENT
INSURANCE
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS
INTERNATIONAL BANK
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS
INTERNATIONAL TRADE
INTERNATIONAL TRADING
INTERNATIONAL TRADING SYSTEM
INVESTMENT CLIMATE
LDCS
LEVIES
LEVY
LIABILITY
LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES
MACRO-ECONOMIC POLICIES
MARKET ACCESS
MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES
MOST FAVORED NATION
MULTILATERAL SYSTEM
MULTILATERAL TRADE
MULTILATERAL TRADE NEGOTIATIONS
MUTUAL RECOGNITION
MUTUAL RECOGNITION AGREEMENTS
NON-TARIFF BARRIERS
OIL IMPORTS
PARTICULAR COUNTRIES
PER CAPITA INCOME
POLITICAL ECONOMY
PREFERENTIAL AGREEMENTS
PREFERENTIAL ARRANGEMENTS
PREFERENTIAL MARGINS
PREFERENTIAL RATES
PREFERENTIAL TARIFFS
PREFERENTIAL TRADE
PREFERENTIAL TRADE AGREEMENTS
PREFERENTIAL TREATMENT
PRICE CONTROLS
PRICE SUPPORTS
PROTECTION MEASURES
PROTECTION OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS
PROTECTIONISM
QUANTITATIVE RESTRICTIONS
RATES OF PROTECTION
REGIONAL INTEGRATION
REGIONAL TRADE
RULES OF ORIGIN
SAFEGUARD ACTIONS
SAFEGUARD MEASURES
SAFETY STANDARDS
SPECIAL SAFEGUARD
TARIFF BINDINGS
TARIFF DATA
TARIFF DISPERSION
TARIFF EQUIVALENTS
TARIFF ESCALATION
TARIFF LINE
TARIFF LINES
TARIFF QUOTA
TARIFF QUOTAS
TARIFF RATE
TARIFF RATES
TARIFF REDUCTION
TARIFF SCHEDULE
TARIFF SCHEDULES
TARIFF STRUCTURE
TAX
TAX LIABILITY
TAXATION
TECHNICAL BARRIERS
TRADE BARRIERS
TRADE DATA
TRADE DISCIPLINES
TRADE DIVERSION
TRADE IN SERVICES
TRADE OPENNESS
TRADE PERFORMANCE
TRADE POLICIES
TRADE POLICY
TRADE REGIME
TRADE REGIMES
TRADE REMEDIES
TRADE REMEDY
TRADE REMEDY MEASURES
TRANSPARENCY
UNFAIR TRADE PRACTICES
UNILATERAL LIBERALIZATION
UNILATERAL PREFERENCES
URUGUAY ROUND
VALUE ADDED
VOLUNTARY EXPORT RESTRAINTS
WORLD PRICES
WORLD TRADE
WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION
WTO
Michalopoulos, Constantine
Ng, Francis
Developing Country Trade Policies and Market Access Issues : 1990-2012
relation Policy Research Working Paper;No. 6463
description The study presents a comprehensive review of developing country trade policies and market access issues as they evolved over the period 1990-2012. The main findings are, first, that applied tariffs as well as traditional core non-tariff measures have declined significantly over time in both developed and developing countries. Second, the instruments of protection used by developed and developing countries are becoming increasingly similar: trade remedies, especially anti-dumping are the instruments of choice for all except low-income developing countries. Third, agriculture is the main sector where developing countries face access problems in OECD markets. Fourth, regional and other preferential trade agreements are both a result and a cause of the lack of progress in multilateral trade negotiations. They violate the basic World Trade Organization tenet of most favored nation and thus pose a potential threat to the multilateral system and a potential stimulus to further multilateral collaboration. Fifth, sanitary and phytosanitary and technical barriers to trade are being increasingly used by both developed and developing countries but their protective intent is difficult to gauge. There is a need for increased vigilance, transparency, and reporting to ensure that they are not being used as a means of protection of economic interests. Sixth, the service sectors are the most promising area where efforts for further liberalization are needed and may produce significant benefits. And seventh, far less additional protection has been put in place following the 2008 financial crisis compared with what had been feared or what had happened in earlier crises.
format Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper
author Michalopoulos, Constantine
Ng, Francis
author_facet Michalopoulos, Constantine
Ng, Francis
author_sort Michalopoulos, Constantine
title Developing Country Trade Policies and Market Access Issues : 1990-2012
title_short Developing Country Trade Policies and Market Access Issues : 1990-2012
title_full Developing Country Trade Policies and Market Access Issues : 1990-2012
title_fullStr Developing Country Trade Policies and Market Access Issues : 1990-2012
title_full_unstemmed Developing Country Trade Policies and Market Access Issues : 1990-2012
title_sort developing country trade policies and market access issues : 1990-2012
publisher World Bank, Washington, DC
publishDate 2013
url http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2013/05/17772240/
http://hdl.handle.net/10986/15554
_version_ 1764429551674327040
spelling okr-10986-155542021-04-23T14:03:19Z Developing Country Trade Policies and Market Access Issues : 1990-2012 Michalopoulos, Constantine Ng, Francis ADVERSE EFFECTS ADVERSE IMPACT AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES AGRICULTURAL EXPORTERS AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS AGRICULTURE ANTI-DUMPING INVESTIGATIONS ANTI-DUMPING MEASURES ANTIDUMPING ANTIDUMPING DATABASE ANTIDUMPING MEASURES APPLIED TARIFF AVERAGE TARIFF AVERAGE TARIFFS BALANCE OF PAYMENTS BARRIERS TO TRADE CAPITAL GOODS COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE COMPETITION POLICY CONSUMER GOODS CONSUMERS COUNTRY MARKETS CUSTOMS CUSTOMS UNION DEVELOPED COUNTRIES DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPING COUNTRY DEVELOPING COUNTRY MARKETS DEVELOPING ECONOMIES DEVELOPMENT POLICY DIMINISHING RETURNS DOMESTIC INDUSTRIES DOMESTIC INDUSTRY DOMESTIC MARKET DOMESTIC MARKETS DOMESTIC PRICE DOMESTIC PRICE OF IMPORTS DOMESTIC PRODUCERS DOMESTIC PRODUCTION DOMESTIC TAXES DUMPING DURABLE DURABLE GOODS DUTY DRAWBACK ECONOMIC CRISIS ECONOMIC POLICIES EMERGING ECONOMIES EPZ EQUIPMENT EXCHANGE CONTROL EXCHANGE RATE EXPORT FINANCING EXPORT INCENTIVES EXPORT LICENSING EXPORT MARKETS EXPORT PRICE EXPORT PRICES EXPORT PROCESSING EXPORT PROCESSING ZONES EXPORT PROHIBITIONS EXPORT PROMOTION EXPORT PROMOTION AGENCIES EXPORT QUOTAS EXPORT SUBSIDIES EXPORT SUBSIDY EXPORT TAXES EXPORTERS EXPORTS EXTERNALITIES FINAL GOODS FINANCIAL CRISIS FOOD PRICES FOREIGN CURRENCY FOREIGN FINANCING FOREIGN MARKETS FOREIGN SUPPLIERS FREE TRADE FREE TRADE AREA GDP GENERALIZED SYSTEM OF PREFERENCES GLOBAL INTEGRATION GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION HIGH TRADE BARRIERS IMPORT CONTROLS IMPORT LICENSING IMPORT PROHIBITIONS IMPORT PROTECTION IMPORT REGIME IMPORTS INCOME INCOME GROUP INCOME GROUPS INCOME LEVEL INDUSTRIAL COUNTRIES INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS INDUSTRIALIZATION INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INSTRUMENT INSURANCE INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS INTERNATIONAL BANK INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS INTERNATIONAL TRADE INTERNATIONAL TRADING INTERNATIONAL TRADING SYSTEM INVESTMENT CLIMATE LDCS LEVIES LEVY LIABILITY LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES MACRO-ECONOMIC POLICIES MARKET ACCESS MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES MOST FAVORED NATION MULTILATERAL SYSTEM MULTILATERAL TRADE MULTILATERAL TRADE NEGOTIATIONS MUTUAL RECOGNITION MUTUAL RECOGNITION AGREEMENTS NON-TARIFF BARRIERS OIL IMPORTS PARTICULAR COUNTRIES PER CAPITA INCOME POLITICAL ECONOMY PREFERENTIAL AGREEMENTS PREFERENTIAL ARRANGEMENTS PREFERENTIAL MARGINS PREFERENTIAL RATES PREFERENTIAL TARIFFS PREFERENTIAL TRADE PREFERENTIAL TRADE AGREEMENTS PREFERENTIAL TREATMENT PRICE CONTROLS PRICE SUPPORTS PROTECTION MEASURES PROTECTION OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS PROTECTIONISM QUANTITATIVE RESTRICTIONS RATES OF PROTECTION REGIONAL INTEGRATION REGIONAL TRADE RULES OF ORIGIN SAFEGUARD ACTIONS SAFEGUARD MEASURES SAFETY STANDARDS SPECIAL SAFEGUARD TARIFF BINDINGS TARIFF DATA TARIFF DISPERSION TARIFF EQUIVALENTS TARIFF ESCALATION TARIFF LINE TARIFF LINES TARIFF QUOTA TARIFF QUOTAS TARIFF RATE TARIFF RATES TARIFF REDUCTION TARIFF SCHEDULE TARIFF SCHEDULES TARIFF STRUCTURE TAX TAX LIABILITY TAXATION TECHNICAL BARRIERS TRADE BARRIERS TRADE DATA TRADE DISCIPLINES TRADE DIVERSION TRADE IN SERVICES TRADE OPENNESS TRADE PERFORMANCE TRADE POLICIES TRADE POLICY TRADE REGIME TRADE REGIMES TRADE REMEDIES TRADE REMEDY TRADE REMEDY MEASURES TRANSPARENCY UNFAIR TRADE PRACTICES UNILATERAL LIBERALIZATION UNILATERAL PREFERENCES URUGUAY ROUND VALUE ADDED VOLUNTARY EXPORT RESTRAINTS WORLD PRICES WORLD TRADE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION WTO The study presents a comprehensive review of developing country trade policies and market access issues as they evolved over the period 1990-2012. The main findings are, first, that applied tariffs as well as traditional core non-tariff measures have declined significantly over time in both developed and developing countries. Second, the instruments of protection used by developed and developing countries are becoming increasingly similar: trade remedies, especially anti-dumping are the instruments of choice for all except low-income developing countries. Third, agriculture is the main sector where developing countries face access problems in OECD markets. Fourth, regional and other preferential trade agreements are both a result and a cause of the lack of progress in multilateral trade negotiations. They violate the basic World Trade Organization tenet of most favored nation and thus pose a potential threat to the multilateral system and a potential stimulus to further multilateral collaboration. Fifth, sanitary and phytosanitary and technical barriers to trade are being increasingly used by both developed and developing countries but their protective intent is difficult to gauge. There is a need for increased vigilance, transparency, and reporting to ensure that they are not being used as a means of protection of economic interests. Sixth, the service sectors are the most promising area where efforts for further liberalization are needed and may produce significant benefits. And seventh, far less additional protection has been put in place following the 2008 financial crisis compared with what had been feared or what had happened in earlier crises. 2013-09-04T15:05:24Z 2013-09-04T15:05:24Z 2013-05 http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2013/05/17772240/ http://hdl.handle.net/10986/15554 English en_US Policy Research Working Paper;No. 6463 CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/ World Bank World Bank, Washington, DC Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper Publications & Research