Financial Inclusion and Legal Discrimination Against Women : Evidence from Developing Countries
This paper documents and analyzes gender differences in the use of financial services using individual-level data from 98 developing countries. The data, drawn from the Global Financial Inclusion (Global Findex) database, highlight the existence of...
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| Format: | Policy Research Working Paper |
| Language: | English en_US |
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World Bank, Washington, DC
2013
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| Online Access: | http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2013/04/17605618/financial-inclusion-legal-discrimination-against-women-evidence-developing-countries http://hdl.handle.net/10986/15553 |
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okr-10986-15553 |
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oai_dc |
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Digital Repository |
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Foreign Institution |
| institution |
Digital Repositories |
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World Bank Open Knowledge Repository |
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World Bank |
| language |
English en_US |
| topic |
ACCESS TO CAPITAL ACCESS TO CREDIT ACCESS TO EXTERNAL FINANCE ACCESS TO FINANCE ACCESS TO FINANCIAL SERVICE ACCESS TO FINANCIAL SERVICES ACCESS TO FORMAL CREDIT ACCESS TO RESOURCES ACCOUNT OWNERSHIP ACCOUNT USAGE ADMINISTRATIVE BARRIERS ADULT POPULATION ASSET OWNERSHIP ATTITUDES TOWARDS WOMEN BANK ACCOUNT BANK ACCOUNTS BANK DATA BANK LOANS BANKS BARRIERS TO INVESTMENT BORROWING BUSINESS EXPERIENCE BUSINESS MANAGEMENT BUSINESS OWNER BUSINESS OWNERS BUSINESS OWNERSHIP CIVIL LAW COLLATERAL COLLEGE DEGREE CONSUMER CONSUMER FINANCE CONTRIBUTION COURT COURTS CREDIT CARDS CREDIT CONSTRAINTS CREDIT HISTORIES CREDIT MARKET CREDIT MARKETS CREDIT PRODUCTS CREDIT RATIONING CREDIT SCORES CREDIT UNION CULTURAL NORMS CUSTOM CUSTOMARY LAW CUSTOMARY PRACTICES DEBT DEBTS DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS DENIAL RATES DEPOSIT DEPOSIT ACCOUNT DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPMENT BANK DEVELOPMENT POLICY DEVELOPMENTAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP DISCRIMINATION DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEN DIVORCE EARLY MARRIAGE ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT ECONOMIC GROWTH ELECTRONIC PAYMENTS EMERGENCIES EMPLOYEE EMPLOYER EMPLOYMENT STATUS ENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT ENTREPRENEUR ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIVITIES ENTREPRENEURS ENVIRONMENT FOR WOMEN EQUAL ACCESS EQUAL RIGHTS EQUITABLE TREATMENT EXPENDITURE EXTERNAL FINANCING FAMILIES FAMILY LAW FAMILY MEMBER FAMILY MEMBERS FEMALE FEMALE BORROWERS FEMALE ENTREPRENEURS FEWER WOMEN FINANCIAL ACCESS FINANCIAL BEHAVIOR FINANCIAL CONSTRAINTS FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT FINANCIAL EXPERIENCES FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS FINANCIAL LITERACY FINANCIAL MARKETS FINANCIAL PRODUCTS FINANCIAL SERVICE PROVIDERS FINANCIAL SERVICES FINANCIAL SYSTEM FINANCIAL SYSTEMS FINANCIAL TOOL FIXED COSTS FORMAL CREDIT FORMAL FINANCE FORMAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTION FORMAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS FORMAL FINANCIAL SECTOR FORMAL FINANCIAL SERVICES FORMAL LENDING FORMAL LOAN FORMAL LOANS FORMAL SAVINGS GENDER GENDER BIAS GENDER DIFFERENCE GENDER DIFFERENCES GENDER DISCRIMINATION GENDER DISPARITY GENDER EQUALITY GENDER EQUALITY ACT GENDER GAP GENDER GAP IN ACCESS GENDER GAPS GENDER NORMS GENDER PARITY GENDER PERSPECTIVE GENDERS GROUP LENDING GUARANTORS HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD HOME HOUSEHOLD DYNAMICS HOUSEHOLD FINANCE HOUSEHOLD LEVEL HOUSEHOLD SIZE HOUSEHOLDS HUSBAND HUSBANDS INCOME INCOME GROUPS INCOME INEQUALITY INCOME LEVELS INCOMES INEQUALITY INFORMAL CREDIT INFORMAL LENDER INFORMAL SAVINGS INHERITANCE INHERITANCE RIGHTS INTENSIVE INDUSTRIES INTEREST RATE INTEREST RATES INTERNATIONAL BANK INVESTING LABOUR ORGANIZATION LACK OF ACCESS LAWS LEGAL SITUATION LEGISLATION LENDERS LEVEL OF EDUCATION LITERACY RATES LOAN LOAN AMOUNTS LOAN APPLICANTS LOAN APPLICATIONS LOAN MARKET LOAN OFFICERS MARITAL PROPERTY MARITAL STATUS MARRIAGES MARRIED MAN MARRIED WOMAN MARRIED WOMEN MFI MICRO-ENTERPRISE MICROFINANCE MICROFINANCE INSTITUTION OBSTACLES TO GROWTH PERSONAL CREDIT PERSONAL SAVINGS POLICY DISCUSSIONS POLICY RESEARCH POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER POPULATION STATISTICS POWER OF WOMEN PROBABILITY PROGRESS PROPERTY RIGHTS REAL ESTATE REGRESSION ANALYSIS RESIDENCE RESPECT SAVINGS SAVINGS BEHAVIOR SAVINGS GROUP SAVINGS INSTRUMENTS SAVINGS PRODUCT SAVINGS RATES SECOND LOAN SECONDARY EDUCATION SEX SEX DIFFERENCES SMALL BUSINESS SMALL BUSINESS OWNERS SMALL BUSINESSES SMALL ENTERPRISE SOCIAL MOBILITY SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS SOURCES OF CREDIT STD UNEMPLOYED UNIFEM UNITED NATIONS UNITED NATIONS FUND FOR WOMEN UNMARRIED MEN UNMARRIED WOMEN VILLAGE VIOLENCE VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN WAGES WEDDING WIFE WILL WIVES WOMAN WOMEN BORROWERS WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS WORKING WOMEN |
| spellingShingle |
ACCESS TO CAPITAL ACCESS TO CREDIT ACCESS TO EXTERNAL FINANCE ACCESS TO FINANCE ACCESS TO FINANCIAL SERVICE ACCESS TO FINANCIAL SERVICES ACCESS TO FORMAL CREDIT ACCESS TO RESOURCES ACCOUNT OWNERSHIP ACCOUNT USAGE ADMINISTRATIVE BARRIERS ADULT POPULATION ASSET OWNERSHIP ATTITUDES TOWARDS WOMEN BANK ACCOUNT BANK ACCOUNTS BANK DATA BANK LOANS BANKS BARRIERS TO INVESTMENT BORROWING BUSINESS EXPERIENCE BUSINESS MANAGEMENT BUSINESS OWNER BUSINESS OWNERS BUSINESS OWNERSHIP CIVIL LAW COLLATERAL COLLEGE DEGREE CONSUMER CONSUMER FINANCE CONTRIBUTION COURT COURTS CREDIT CARDS CREDIT CONSTRAINTS CREDIT HISTORIES CREDIT MARKET CREDIT MARKETS CREDIT PRODUCTS CREDIT RATIONING CREDIT SCORES CREDIT UNION CULTURAL NORMS CUSTOM CUSTOMARY LAW CUSTOMARY PRACTICES DEBT DEBTS DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS DENIAL RATES DEPOSIT DEPOSIT ACCOUNT DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPMENT BANK DEVELOPMENT POLICY DEVELOPMENTAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP DISCRIMINATION DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEN DIVORCE EARLY MARRIAGE ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT ECONOMIC GROWTH ELECTRONIC PAYMENTS EMERGENCIES EMPLOYEE EMPLOYER EMPLOYMENT STATUS ENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT ENTREPRENEUR ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIVITIES ENTREPRENEURS ENVIRONMENT FOR WOMEN EQUAL ACCESS EQUAL RIGHTS EQUITABLE TREATMENT EXPENDITURE EXTERNAL FINANCING FAMILIES FAMILY LAW FAMILY MEMBER FAMILY MEMBERS FEMALE FEMALE BORROWERS FEMALE ENTREPRENEURS FEWER WOMEN FINANCIAL ACCESS FINANCIAL BEHAVIOR FINANCIAL CONSTRAINTS FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT FINANCIAL EXPERIENCES FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS FINANCIAL LITERACY FINANCIAL MARKETS FINANCIAL PRODUCTS FINANCIAL SERVICE PROVIDERS FINANCIAL SERVICES FINANCIAL SYSTEM FINANCIAL SYSTEMS FINANCIAL TOOL FIXED COSTS FORMAL CREDIT FORMAL FINANCE FORMAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTION FORMAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS FORMAL FINANCIAL SECTOR FORMAL FINANCIAL SERVICES FORMAL LENDING FORMAL LOAN FORMAL LOANS FORMAL SAVINGS GENDER GENDER BIAS GENDER DIFFERENCE GENDER DIFFERENCES GENDER DISCRIMINATION GENDER DISPARITY GENDER EQUALITY GENDER EQUALITY ACT GENDER GAP GENDER GAP IN ACCESS GENDER GAPS GENDER NORMS GENDER PARITY GENDER PERSPECTIVE GENDERS GROUP LENDING GUARANTORS HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD HOME HOUSEHOLD DYNAMICS HOUSEHOLD FINANCE HOUSEHOLD LEVEL HOUSEHOLD SIZE HOUSEHOLDS HUSBAND HUSBANDS INCOME INCOME GROUPS INCOME INEQUALITY INCOME LEVELS INCOMES INEQUALITY INFORMAL CREDIT INFORMAL LENDER INFORMAL SAVINGS INHERITANCE INHERITANCE RIGHTS INTENSIVE INDUSTRIES INTEREST RATE INTEREST RATES INTERNATIONAL BANK INVESTING LABOUR ORGANIZATION LACK OF ACCESS LAWS LEGAL SITUATION LEGISLATION LENDERS LEVEL OF EDUCATION LITERACY RATES LOAN LOAN AMOUNTS LOAN APPLICANTS LOAN APPLICATIONS LOAN MARKET LOAN OFFICERS MARITAL PROPERTY MARITAL STATUS MARRIAGES MARRIED MAN MARRIED WOMAN MARRIED WOMEN MFI MICRO-ENTERPRISE MICROFINANCE MICROFINANCE INSTITUTION OBSTACLES TO GROWTH PERSONAL CREDIT PERSONAL SAVINGS POLICY DISCUSSIONS POLICY RESEARCH POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER POPULATION STATISTICS POWER OF WOMEN PROBABILITY PROGRESS PROPERTY RIGHTS REAL ESTATE REGRESSION ANALYSIS RESIDENCE RESPECT SAVINGS SAVINGS BEHAVIOR SAVINGS GROUP SAVINGS INSTRUMENTS SAVINGS PRODUCT SAVINGS RATES SECOND LOAN SECONDARY EDUCATION SEX SEX DIFFERENCES SMALL BUSINESS SMALL BUSINESS OWNERS SMALL BUSINESSES SMALL ENTERPRISE SOCIAL MOBILITY SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS SOURCES OF CREDIT STD UNEMPLOYED UNIFEM UNITED NATIONS UNITED NATIONS FUND FOR WOMEN UNMARRIED MEN UNMARRIED WOMEN VILLAGE VIOLENCE VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN WAGES WEDDING WIFE WILL WIVES WOMAN WOMEN BORROWERS WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS WORKING WOMEN Demirguc-Kunt, Asli Klapper, Leora Singer, Dorothe Financial Inclusion and Legal Discrimination Against Women : Evidence from Developing Countries |
| relation |
Policy Research Working Paper;No. 6416 |
| description |
This paper documents and analyzes gender
differences in the use of financial services using
individual-level data from 98 developing countries. The
data, drawn from the Global Financial Inclusion (Global
Findex) database, highlight the existence of significant
gender gaps in ownership of accounts and usage of savings
and credit products. Even after controlling for a host of
individual characteristics including income, education,
employment status, rural residency and age, gender remains
significantly related to usage of financial services. This
study also finds that legal discrimination against women and
gender norms may explain some of the cross-country variation
in access to finance for women. The analysis finds that in
countries where women face legal restrictions in their
ability to work, head a household, choose where to live, and
receive inheritance, women are less likely to own an
account, relative to men, as well as to save and borrow. The
results also confirm that manifestations of gender norms,
such as the level of violence against women and the
incidence of early marriage for women, contribute to
explaining the variation in the use of financial services
between men and women, after controlling for other
individual and country characteristics. |
| format |
Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper |
| author |
Demirguc-Kunt, Asli Klapper, Leora Singer, Dorothe |
| author_facet |
Demirguc-Kunt, Asli Klapper, Leora Singer, Dorothe |
| author_sort |
Demirguc-Kunt, Asli |
| title |
Financial Inclusion and Legal Discrimination Against Women : Evidence from Developing Countries |
| title_short |
Financial Inclusion and Legal Discrimination Against Women : Evidence from Developing Countries |
| title_full |
Financial Inclusion and Legal Discrimination Against Women : Evidence from Developing Countries |
| title_fullStr |
Financial Inclusion and Legal Discrimination Against Women : Evidence from Developing Countries |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Financial Inclusion and Legal Discrimination Against Women : Evidence from Developing Countries |
| title_sort |
financial inclusion and legal discrimination against women : evidence from developing countries |
| publisher |
World Bank, Washington, DC |
| publishDate |
2013 |
| url |
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2013/04/17605618/financial-inclusion-legal-discrimination-against-women-evidence-developing-countries http://hdl.handle.net/10986/15553 |
| _version_ |
1764429394883903488 |
| spelling |
okr-10986-155532021-04-23T14:03:19Z Financial Inclusion and Legal Discrimination Against Women : Evidence from Developing Countries Demirguc-Kunt, Asli Klapper, Leora Singer, Dorothe ACCESS TO CAPITAL ACCESS TO CREDIT ACCESS TO EXTERNAL FINANCE ACCESS TO FINANCE ACCESS TO FINANCIAL SERVICE ACCESS TO FINANCIAL SERVICES ACCESS TO FORMAL CREDIT ACCESS TO RESOURCES ACCOUNT OWNERSHIP ACCOUNT USAGE ADMINISTRATIVE BARRIERS ADULT POPULATION ASSET OWNERSHIP ATTITUDES TOWARDS WOMEN BANK ACCOUNT BANK ACCOUNTS BANK DATA BANK LOANS BANKS BARRIERS TO INVESTMENT BORROWING BUSINESS EXPERIENCE BUSINESS MANAGEMENT BUSINESS OWNER BUSINESS OWNERS BUSINESS OWNERSHIP CIVIL LAW COLLATERAL COLLEGE DEGREE CONSUMER CONSUMER FINANCE CONTRIBUTION COURT COURTS CREDIT CARDS CREDIT CONSTRAINTS CREDIT HISTORIES CREDIT MARKET CREDIT MARKETS CREDIT PRODUCTS CREDIT RATIONING CREDIT SCORES CREDIT UNION CULTURAL NORMS CUSTOM CUSTOMARY LAW CUSTOMARY PRACTICES DEBT DEBTS DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS DENIAL RATES DEPOSIT DEPOSIT ACCOUNT DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPMENT BANK DEVELOPMENT POLICY DEVELOPMENTAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP DISCRIMINATION DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEN DIVORCE EARLY MARRIAGE ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT ECONOMIC GROWTH ELECTRONIC PAYMENTS EMERGENCIES EMPLOYEE EMPLOYER EMPLOYMENT STATUS ENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT ENTREPRENEUR ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIVITIES ENTREPRENEURS ENVIRONMENT FOR WOMEN EQUAL ACCESS EQUAL RIGHTS EQUITABLE TREATMENT EXPENDITURE EXTERNAL FINANCING FAMILIES FAMILY LAW FAMILY MEMBER FAMILY MEMBERS FEMALE FEMALE BORROWERS FEMALE ENTREPRENEURS FEWER WOMEN FINANCIAL ACCESS FINANCIAL BEHAVIOR FINANCIAL CONSTRAINTS FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT FINANCIAL EXPERIENCES FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS FINANCIAL LITERACY FINANCIAL MARKETS FINANCIAL PRODUCTS FINANCIAL SERVICE PROVIDERS FINANCIAL SERVICES FINANCIAL SYSTEM FINANCIAL SYSTEMS FINANCIAL TOOL FIXED COSTS FORMAL CREDIT FORMAL FINANCE FORMAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTION FORMAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS FORMAL FINANCIAL SECTOR FORMAL FINANCIAL SERVICES FORMAL LENDING FORMAL LOAN FORMAL LOANS FORMAL SAVINGS GENDER GENDER BIAS GENDER DIFFERENCE GENDER DIFFERENCES GENDER DISCRIMINATION GENDER DISPARITY GENDER EQUALITY GENDER EQUALITY ACT GENDER GAP GENDER GAP IN ACCESS GENDER GAPS GENDER NORMS GENDER PARITY GENDER PERSPECTIVE GENDERS GROUP LENDING GUARANTORS HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD HOME HOUSEHOLD DYNAMICS HOUSEHOLD FINANCE HOUSEHOLD LEVEL HOUSEHOLD SIZE HOUSEHOLDS HUSBAND HUSBANDS INCOME INCOME GROUPS INCOME INEQUALITY INCOME LEVELS INCOMES INEQUALITY INFORMAL CREDIT INFORMAL LENDER INFORMAL SAVINGS INHERITANCE INHERITANCE RIGHTS INTENSIVE INDUSTRIES INTEREST RATE INTEREST RATES INTERNATIONAL BANK INVESTING LABOUR ORGANIZATION LACK OF ACCESS LAWS LEGAL SITUATION LEGISLATION LENDERS LEVEL OF EDUCATION LITERACY RATES LOAN LOAN AMOUNTS LOAN APPLICANTS LOAN APPLICATIONS LOAN MARKET LOAN OFFICERS MARITAL PROPERTY MARITAL STATUS MARRIAGES MARRIED MAN MARRIED WOMAN MARRIED WOMEN MFI MICRO-ENTERPRISE MICROFINANCE MICROFINANCE INSTITUTION OBSTACLES TO GROWTH PERSONAL CREDIT PERSONAL SAVINGS POLICY DISCUSSIONS POLICY RESEARCH POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER POPULATION STATISTICS POWER OF WOMEN PROBABILITY PROGRESS PROPERTY RIGHTS REAL ESTATE REGRESSION ANALYSIS RESIDENCE RESPECT SAVINGS SAVINGS BEHAVIOR SAVINGS GROUP SAVINGS INSTRUMENTS SAVINGS PRODUCT SAVINGS RATES SECOND LOAN SECONDARY EDUCATION SEX SEX DIFFERENCES SMALL BUSINESS SMALL BUSINESS OWNERS SMALL BUSINESSES SMALL ENTERPRISE SOCIAL MOBILITY SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS SOURCES OF CREDIT STD UNEMPLOYED UNIFEM UNITED NATIONS UNITED NATIONS FUND FOR WOMEN UNMARRIED MEN UNMARRIED WOMEN VILLAGE VIOLENCE VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN WAGES WEDDING WIFE WILL WIVES WOMAN WOMEN BORROWERS WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS WORKING WOMEN This paper documents and analyzes gender differences in the use of financial services using individual-level data from 98 developing countries. The data, drawn from the Global Financial Inclusion (Global Findex) database, highlight the existence of significant gender gaps in ownership of accounts and usage of savings and credit products. Even after controlling for a host of individual characteristics including income, education, employment status, rural residency and age, gender remains significantly related to usage of financial services. This study also finds that legal discrimination against women and gender norms may explain some of the cross-country variation in access to finance for women. The analysis finds that in countries where women face legal restrictions in their ability to work, head a household, choose where to live, and receive inheritance, women are less likely to own an account, relative to men, as well as to save and borrow. The results also confirm that manifestations of gender norms, such as the level of violence against women and the incidence of early marriage for women, contribute to explaining the variation in the use of financial services between men and women, after controlling for other individual and country characteristics. 2013-09-04T15:01:40Z 2013-09-04T15:01:40Z 2013-04 http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2013/04/17605618/financial-inclusion-legal-discrimination-against-women-evidence-developing-countries http://hdl.handle.net/10986/15553 English en_US Policy Research Working Paper;No. 6416 CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/ World Bank World Bank, Washington, DC Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper Publications & Research |