Brazil : Inequality and Economic Development, Volume 2. Background Papers
The present Report is motivated by the coming together o f three widespread perceptions about inequality, two somewhat newer and one long-standing. The two newer ones are; (i) that inequality may matter for the country's economic development,...
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| Format: | Poverty Assessment |
| Language: | English en_US |
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Washington, DC
2013
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2003/10/2803908/brazil-inequality-economic-development-vol-2-2-background-papers http://hdl.handle.net/10986/14696 |
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okr-10986-14696 |
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oai_dc |
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Digital Repository |
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Foreign Institution |
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Digital Repositories |
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World Bank Open Knowledge Repository |
| collection |
World Bank |
| language |
English en_US |
| topic |
CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURES DECOMPOSITION RESULTS DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC WELFARE EMPIRICAL MODEL EMPIRICAL RESULTS EMPLOYMENT EXPECTED VALUE EXPECTED VALUES EXPLANATORY POWER EXPLANATORY VARIABLES EXTREME POVERTY HETEROSKEDASTICITY HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION HOUSEHOLD INCOME HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS HUMAN CAPITAL INCOME INCOME DATA INCOME DISTRIBUTION INCOME DISTRIBUTION ANALYSIS INCOME SOURCE INCOMES INEQUALITY INEQUALITY DECOMPOSITION INEQUALITY LEVELS INEQUALITY MEASURE INEQUALITY MEASURES LABOUR MARKETS PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION POLICY ANALYSIS POLICY OPTIONS POOR POVERTY ESTIMATES POVERTY LINE POVERTY MEASURE POVERTY REDUCTION PUBLIC SPENDING REGIONAL LEVEL RELATIVE DEMAND RELATIVE SUPPLY RURAL POVERTY SECTOR EMPLOYMENT SIGNIFICANCE LEVEL SIGNIFICANT EFFECT SOCIAL SPENDING STREAMS TARGETING TAX REFORMS TAXATION WAGES WELFARE INDICATORS SOCIAL JUSTICE EQUAL OPPORTUNITY EQUAL TREATMENT EQUAL ACCESS EQUALITY BEFORE THE LAW INEQUITIES IN RELIEF DISTRIBUTION SOCIAL EXPENDITURES EQUITY IN EDUCATION ACCESS TO EDUCATION RACIAL DISCRIMINATION RACIAL SEGREGATION EQUITABLE ACCESS PUBLIC POLICY EDUCATIONAL ACHIEVEMENT WAGE DIFFERENTIATION EDUCATIONAL IMPROVEMENT INCOME INEQUALITIES RURAL LAND USE TAX POLICY PENSION SYSTEMS ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE ACCESS TO HEALTH SERVICES HOUSING AFFORDABILITY REGRESSIVE TAXES EMPLOYMENT SKILLS |
| spellingShingle |
CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURES DECOMPOSITION RESULTS DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC WELFARE EMPIRICAL MODEL EMPIRICAL RESULTS EMPLOYMENT EXPECTED VALUE EXPECTED VALUES EXPLANATORY POWER EXPLANATORY VARIABLES EXTREME POVERTY HETEROSKEDASTICITY HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION HOUSEHOLD INCOME HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS HUMAN CAPITAL INCOME INCOME DATA INCOME DISTRIBUTION INCOME DISTRIBUTION ANALYSIS INCOME SOURCE INCOMES INEQUALITY INEQUALITY DECOMPOSITION INEQUALITY LEVELS INEQUALITY MEASURE INEQUALITY MEASURES LABOUR MARKETS PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION POLICY ANALYSIS POLICY OPTIONS POOR POVERTY ESTIMATES POVERTY LINE POVERTY MEASURE POVERTY REDUCTION PUBLIC SPENDING REGIONAL LEVEL RELATIVE DEMAND RELATIVE SUPPLY RURAL POVERTY SECTOR EMPLOYMENT SIGNIFICANCE LEVEL SIGNIFICANT EFFECT SOCIAL SPENDING STREAMS TARGETING TAX REFORMS TAXATION WAGES WELFARE INDICATORS SOCIAL JUSTICE EQUAL OPPORTUNITY EQUAL TREATMENT EQUAL ACCESS EQUALITY BEFORE THE LAW INEQUITIES IN RELIEF DISTRIBUTION SOCIAL EXPENDITURES EQUITY IN EDUCATION ACCESS TO EDUCATION RACIAL DISCRIMINATION RACIAL SEGREGATION EQUITABLE ACCESS PUBLIC POLICY EDUCATIONAL ACHIEVEMENT WAGE DIFFERENTIATION EDUCATIONAL IMPROVEMENT INCOME INEQUALITIES RURAL LAND USE TAX POLICY PENSION SYSTEMS ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE ACCESS TO HEALTH SERVICES HOUSING AFFORDABILITY REGRESSIVE TAXES EMPLOYMENT SKILLS World Bank Brazil : Inequality and Economic Development, Volume 2. Background Papers |
| geographic_facet |
Latin America & Caribbean Brazil |
| description |
The present Report is motivated by the
coming together o f three widespread perceptions about
inequality, two somewhat newer and one long-standing. The
two newer ones are; (i) that inequality may matter for the
country's economic development, and (ii) that public
policy can and should do something about it. The old
perception, which is well borne out b y the facts, is that
Brazil occupies a position o f very high inequality in the
international community. Therefore, this report tries to
explain what makes Brazil so unequal and to what extent the
interaction o f labor market forces and public policies -or
the lack of them- contribute to this undesirable outcome.
For instance, in what measure is social mobility becoming
more independent o f family background thanks to progressive
public policies in basic education, health and nutrition.
Accordingly, the report is organized around three basic
questions. The first section asks why inequality might
matter for the country's economic development. Why it
matters for poverty reduction, for social justice equality o
f opportunities and social mobility, and for economic and
political efficiency. The second section asks why Brazil is
so unequal. It seeks a deeper understanding of what lies
behind Brazil's position as one of the most unequal
countries in the world, as shown in typical international
comparisons, the dynamics of income inequality, and the
magnitude of inequality across regions, racial groups, and
gender. Then, it attempts to shed light on why this may be
so. It investigates the causes of Brazil's excess
inequality in four dimensions: the distribution of assets -
human and nonhuman-, the price of those assets, the
behavioral difference in the labor market and fertility,
and, finally, the distribution of state transfers and
entitlements - public expenditure and taxation-. The third
section asks whether there is a role for public action aimed
at reducing inequalities, and considers some lessons from
theory and evidence on the relative effectiveness of
alternative approaches. First, it considers how the
provision of education might affect not only the
distribution of human assets in the long run but the
relative prices of human capital for different levels of
skill. Second it examines how public policy toward rural
land use must take into account inefficiencies that are
closely linked to inequities of land distribution. Finally,
it investigates how taxation and public expenditure policies
reduce income inequality and inequality of access to basic
social services. The fourth section concludes. |
| format |
Economic & Sector Work :: Poverty Assessment |
| author |
World Bank |
| author_facet |
World Bank |
| author_sort |
World Bank |
| title |
Brazil : Inequality and Economic Development, Volume 2. Background Papers |
| title_short |
Brazil : Inequality and Economic Development, Volume 2. Background Papers |
| title_full |
Brazil : Inequality and Economic Development, Volume 2. Background Papers |
| title_fullStr |
Brazil : Inequality and Economic Development, Volume 2. Background Papers |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Brazil : Inequality and Economic Development, Volume 2. Background Papers |
| title_sort |
brazil : inequality and economic development, volume 2. background papers |
| publisher |
Washington, DC |
| publishDate |
2013 |
| url |
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2003/10/2803908/brazil-inequality-economic-development-vol-2-2-background-papers http://hdl.handle.net/10986/14696 |
| _version_ |
1764428441501827072 |
| spelling |
okr-10986-146962021-04-23T14:03:17Z Brazil : Inequality and Economic Development, Volume 2. Background Papers World Bank CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURES DECOMPOSITION RESULTS DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC WELFARE EMPIRICAL MODEL EMPIRICAL RESULTS EMPLOYMENT EXPECTED VALUE EXPECTED VALUES EXPLANATORY POWER EXPLANATORY VARIABLES EXTREME POVERTY HETEROSKEDASTICITY HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION HOUSEHOLD INCOME HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS HUMAN CAPITAL INCOME INCOME DATA INCOME DISTRIBUTION INCOME DISTRIBUTION ANALYSIS INCOME SOURCE INCOMES INEQUALITY INEQUALITY DECOMPOSITION INEQUALITY LEVELS INEQUALITY MEASURE INEQUALITY MEASURES LABOUR MARKETS PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION POLICY ANALYSIS POLICY OPTIONS POOR POVERTY ESTIMATES POVERTY LINE POVERTY MEASURE POVERTY REDUCTION PUBLIC SPENDING REGIONAL LEVEL RELATIVE DEMAND RELATIVE SUPPLY RURAL POVERTY SECTOR EMPLOYMENT SIGNIFICANCE LEVEL SIGNIFICANT EFFECT SOCIAL SPENDING STREAMS TARGETING TAX REFORMS TAXATION WAGES WELFARE INDICATORS SOCIAL JUSTICE EQUAL OPPORTUNITY EQUAL TREATMENT EQUAL ACCESS EQUALITY BEFORE THE LAW INEQUITIES IN RELIEF DISTRIBUTION SOCIAL EXPENDITURES EQUITY IN EDUCATION ACCESS TO EDUCATION RACIAL DISCRIMINATION RACIAL SEGREGATION EQUITABLE ACCESS PUBLIC POLICY EDUCATIONAL ACHIEVEMENT WAGE DIFFERENTIATION EDUCATIONAL IMPROVEMENT INCOME INEQUALITIES RURAL LAND USE TAX POLICY PENSION SYSTEMS ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE ACCESS TO HEALTH SERVICES HOUSING AFFORDABILITY REGRESSIVE TAXES EMPLOYMENT SKILLS The present Report is motivated by the coming together o f three widespread perceptions about inequality, two somewhat newer and one long-standing. The two newer ones are; (i) that inequality may matter for the country's economic development, and (ii) that public policy can and should do something about it. The old perception, which is well borne out b y the facts, is that Brazil occupies a position o f very high inequality in the international community. Therefore, this report tries to explain what makes Brazil so unequal and to what extent the interaction o f labor market forces and public policies -or the lack of them- contribute to this undesirable outcome. For instance, in what measure is social mobility becoming more independent o f family background thanks to progressive public policies in basic education, health and nutrition. Accordingly, the report is organized around three basic questions. The first section asks why inequality might matter for the country's economic development. Why it matters for poverty reduction, for social justice equality o f opportunities and social mobility, and for economic and political efficiency. The second section asks why Brazil is so unequal. It seeks a deeper understanding of what lies behind Brazil's position as one of the most unequal countries in the world, as shown in typical international comparisons, the dynamics of income inequality, and the magnitude of inequality across regions, racial groups, and gender. Then, it attempts to shed light on why this may be so. It investigates the causes of Brazil's excess inequality in four dimensions: the distribution of assets - human and nonhuman-, the price of those assets, the behavioral difference in the labor market and fertility, and, finally, the distribution of state transfers and entitlements - public expenditure and taxation-. The third section asks whether there is a role for public action aimed at reducing inequalities, and considers some lessons from theory and evidence on the relative effectiveness of alternative approaches. First, it considers how the provision of education might affect not only the distribution of human assets in the long run but the relative prices of human capital for different levels of skill. Second it examines how public policy toward rural land use must take into account inefficiencies that are closely linked to inequities of land distribution. Finally, it investigates how taxation and public expenditure policies reduce income inequality and inequality of access to basic social services. The fourth section concludes. 2013-07-31T20:21:35Z 2013-07-31T20:21:35Z 2003-10 http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2003/10/2803908/brazil-inequality-economic-development-vol-2-2-background-papers http://hdl.handle.net/10986/14696 English en_US CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/ World Bank Washington, DC Economic & Sector Work :: Poverty Assessment Economic & Sector Work Latin America & Caribbean Brazil |