Community-Based and Driven Development: A Critical Review
Community-based (and driven) development (CBD/CDD) projects have become an important form of development assistance, with the World Bank's portfolio alone approximating 7 billion dollars. The authors review the conceptual foundations of CBD/CD...
| Main Authors: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Policy Research Working Paper |
| Language: | English en_US |
| Published: |
World Bank, Washington, D.C.
2013
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2004/02/3889852/community-based-driven-development-critical-review http://hdl.handle.net/10986/14310 |
| id |
okr-10986-14310 |
|---|---|
| recordtype |
oai_dc |
| repository_type |
Digital Repository |
| institution_category |
Foreign Institution |
| institution |
Digital Repositories |
| building |
World Bank Open Knowledge Repository |
| collection |
World Bank |
| language |
English en_US |
| topic |
COMMUNITY BASED DEVELOPMENT COMMUNITY EMPOWERMENT COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION POOR COMMUNITIES COMMUNITY LEADERS SOCIAL CAPITAL POVERTY MITIGATION AID ANTIPOVERTY PROGRAM ANTIPOVERTY PROGRAMS BENEFICIARIES CAPACITY BUILDING CASE STUDIES CASE STUDY CENSUS DATA CLINICS COMMON PROPERTY RESOURCES COMMUNITIES COMMUNITY COMMUNITY CAPACITY COMMUNITY DEMAND COMMUNITY GROUPS COMMUNITY INFRASTRUCTURE COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT COMMUNITY LEADERS COMMUNITY LEVEL COMMUNITY MEMBERS COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION COMMUNITY SUPPORT CORRUPTION DECISIONMAKING DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES DEVELOPMENT AGENCIES DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE DEVELOPMENT FUNDS DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTIONS DEVELOPMENT ISSUES DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATIONS DEVELOPMENT POLICY DEVELOPMENT PRACTICE DEVELOPMENT PRACTITIONERS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMICS ECONOMISTS ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA EMPOWERMENT ENABLING ENVIRONMENT EXPENDITURES FACILITATORS FOOD POLICY RESEARCH GAPS GEOGRAPHIC SPREAD GEOGRAPHIC TARGETING GROUP DISCUSSIONS HUMAN CAPITAL IMPLEMENTATION AGENCIES INFORMATION PROBLEMS INSTITUTION BUILDING INSTITUTIONAL ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT LOCAL GOVERNMENTS LOCAL INEQUALITY LOCAL INSTITUTIONS LOCAL LEVEL LOCAL MANAGEMENT LOCAL OFFICIALS MARGINALIZED GROUPS MATERIAL WELL-BEING MODERNIZATION MONITORING TOOLS NEIGHBORHOOD NEIGHBORHOODS NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS NUTRITION PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION PARTICIPATORY APPROACHES PARTICIPATORY PLANNING PARTICIPATORY PLANNING EXERCISES PARTICIPATORY PROJECTS PARTICIPATORY STRATEGIES POLICY RESEARCH POLITICAL CONTEXT POOL RESOURCES POOR AREAS POOR COMMUNITIES POOR HOUSEHOLDS POOR PEOPLE POVERTY IMPACTS POVERTY REDUCTION POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGY POVERTY TARGETING PRIMARY SCHOOL PRIORITIES PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION PROJECT BENEFICIARIES PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION PROJECT MONITORING PUBLIC SECTOR PUBLIC SERVICES RESEARCH INSTITUTE RURAL AREAS RURAL POOR SELECTION BIAS SERVICE DELIVERY SOCIAL ASSISTANCE SOCIAL CAPITAL SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT SOCIAL FUNDS SOCIAL INVESTMENT FUNDS SOCIAL NETWORKS SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS SOCIAL SCIENTISTS SUSTAINABILITY TARGETING PERFORMANCE |
| spellingShingle |
COMMUNITY BASED DEVELOPMENT COMMUNITY EMPOWERMENT COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION POOR COMMUNITIES COMMUNITY LEADERS SOCIAL CAPITAL POVERTY MITIGATION AID ANTIPOVERTY PROGRAM ANTIPOVERTY PROGRAMS BENEFICIARIES CAPACITY BUILDING CASE STUDIES CASE STUDY CENSUS DATA CLINICS COMMON PROPERTY RESOURCES COMMUNITIES COMMUNITY COMMUNITY CAPACITY COMMUNITY DEMAND COMMUNITY GROUPS COMMUNITY INFRASTRUCTURE COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT COMMUNITY LEADERS COMMUNITY LEVEL COMMUNITY MEMBERS COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION COMMUNITY SUPPORT CORRUPTION DECISIONMAKING DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES DEVELOPMENT AGENCIES DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE DEVELOPMENT FUNDS DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTIONS DEVELOPMENT ISSUES DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATIONS DEVELOPMENT POLICY DEVELOPMENT PRACTICE DEVELOPMENT PRACTITIONERS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMICS ECONOMISTS ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA EMPOWERMENT ENABLING ENVIRONMENT EXPENDITURES FACILITATORS FOOD POLICY RESEARCH GAPS GEOGRAPHIC SPREAD GEOGRAPHIC TARGETING GROUP DISCUSSIONS HUMAN CAPITAL IMPLEMENTATION AGENCIES INFORMATION PROBLEMS INSTITUTION BUILDING INSTITUTIONAL ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT LOCAL GOVERNMENTS LOCAL INEQUALITY LOCAL INSTITUTIONS LOCAL LEVEL LOCAL MANAGEMENT LOCAL OFFICIALS MARGINALIZED GROUPS MATERIAL WELL-BEING MODERNIZATION MONITORING TOOLS NEIGHBORHOOD NEIGHBORHOODS NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS NUTRITION PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION PARTICIPATORY APPROACHES PARTICIPATORY PLANNING PARTICIPATORY PLANNING EXERCISES PARTICIPATORY PROJECTS PARTICIPATORY STRATEGIES POLICY RESEARCH POLITICAL CONTEXT POOL RESOURCES POOR AREAS POOR COMMUNITIES POOR HOUSEHOLDS POOR PEOPLE POVERTY IMPACTS POVERTY REDUCTION POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGY POVERTY TARGETING PRIMARY SCHOOL PRIORITIES PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION PROJECT BENEFICIARIES PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION PROJECT MONITORING PUBLIC SECTOR PUBLIC SERVICES RESEARCH INSTITUTE RURAL AREAS RURAL POOR SELECTION BIAS SERVICE DELIVERY SOCIAL ASSISTANCE SOCIAL CAPITAL SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT SOCIAL FUNDS SOCIAL INVESTMENT FUNDS SOCIAL NETWORKS SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS SOCIAL SCIENTISTS SUSTAINABILITY TARGETING PERFORMANCE Mansuri, Ghazala Rao, Vijayendra Community-Based and Driven Development: A Critical Review |
| relation |
Policy Research Working Paper;No.3209 |
| description |
Community-based (and driven) development
(CBD/CDD) projects have become an important form of
development assistance, with the World Bank's portfolio
alone approximating 7 billion dollars. The authors review
the conceptual foundations of CBD/CDD initiatives. Given the
importance of the topic, there are, unfortunately, a dearth
of well-designed evaluations of such projects. But there is
enough quantitative and qualitative evidence from studies
that have either been published in peer-reviewed
publications or have been conducted by independent
researchers to glean some instructive lessons. The authors
find that projects that rely on community participation have
not been particularly effective at targeting the poor. There
is some evidence that CBD/CDD projects create effective
community infrastructure, but not a single study establishes
a causal relationship between any outcome and participatory
elements of a CBD project. Most CBD projects are dominated
by elites and, in general, the targeting of poor communities
as well as project quality tend to be markedly worse in more
unequal communities. However, a number of studies find a
U-shaped relationship between inequality and project
outcomes. The authors also find that a distinction between
potentially "benevolent" forms of elite domination
and more pernicious types of "capture" is likely
to be important for understanding project dynamics and
outcomes. Several qualitative studies indicate that the
sustainability of CBD initiatives depends crucially on an
enabling institutional environment, which requires upward
commitment. Equally, the literature indicates that community
leaders need to be downwardly accountable to avoid a variant
of "supply-driven demand-driven development."
Qualitative evidence also suggests that external agents
strongly influence project success. However, facilitators
are often poorly trained and inexperienced, particularly
when programs are rapidly scaled up. Overall, a naive
application of complex contextual concepts like
"participation," "social capital," and
"empowerment" is endemic among project
implementers and contributes to poor design and
implementation. In sum, the evidence suggests that CBD/CDD
is best done in a context-specific manner, with a long
time-horizon, and with careful and well-designed monitoring
and evaluation systems. |
| format |
Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper |
| author |
Mansuri, Ghazala Rao, Vijayendra |
| author_facet |
Mansuri, Ghazala Rao, Vijayendra |
| author_sort |
Mansuri, Ghazala |
| title |
Community-Based and Driven Development: A Critical Review |
| title_short |
Community-Based and Driven Development: A Critical Review |
| title_full |
Community-Based and Driven Development: A Critical Review |
| title_fullStr |
Community-Based and Driven Development: A Critical Review |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Community-Based and Driven Development: A Critical Review |
| title_sort |
community-based and driven development: a critical review |
| publisher |
World Bank, Washington, D.C. |
| publishDate |
2013 |
| url |
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2004/02/3889852/community-based-driven-development-critical-review http://hdl.handle.net/10986/14310 |
| _version_ |
1764430279933427712 |
| spelling |
okr-10986-143102021-04-23T14:03:20Z Community-Based and Driven Development: A Critical Review Mansuri, Ghazala Rao, Vijayendra COMMUNITY BASED DEVELOPMENT COMMUNITY EMPOWERMENT COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION POOR COMMUNITIES COMMUNITY LEADERS SOCIAL CAPITAL POVERTY MITIGATION AID ANTIPOVERTY PROGRAM ANTIPOVERTY PROGRAMS BENEFICIARIES CAPACITY BUILDING CASE STUDIES CASE STUDY CENSUS DATA CLINICS COMMON PROPERTY RESOURCES COMMUNITIES COMMUNITY COMMUNITY CAPACITY COMMUNITY DEMAND COMMUNITY GROUPS COMMUNITY INFRASTRUCTURE COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT COMMUNITY LEADERS COMMUNITY LEVEL COMMUNITY MEMBERS COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION COMMUNITY SUPPORT CORRUPTION DECISIONMAKING DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES DEVELOPMENT AGENCIES DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE DEVELOPMENT FUNDS DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTIONS DEVELOPMENT ISSUES DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATIONS DEVELOPMENT POLICY DEVELOPMENT PRACTICE DEVELOPMENT PRACTITIONERS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMICS ECONOMISTS ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA EMPOWERMENT ENABLING ENVIRONMENT EXPENDITURES FACILITATORS FOOD POLICY RESEARCH GAPS GEOGRAPHIC SPREAD GEOGRAPHIC TARGETING GROUP DISCUSSIONS HUMAN CAPITAL IMPLEMENTATION AGENCIES INFORMATION PROBLEMS INSTITUTION BUILDING INSTITUTIONAL ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT LOCAL GOVERNMENTS LOCAL INEQUALITY LOCAL INSTITUTIONS LOCAL LEVEL LOCAL MANAGEMENT LOCAL OFFICIALS MARGINALIZED GROUPS MATERIAL WELL-BEING MODERNIZATION MONITORING TOOLS NEIGHBORHOOD NEIGHBORHOODS NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS NUTRITION PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION PARTICIPATORY APPROACHES PARTICIPATORY PLANNING PARTICIPATORY PLANNING EXERCISES PARTICIPATORY PROJECTS PARTICIPATORY STRATEGIES POLICY RESEARCH POLITICAL CONTEXT POOL RESOURCES POOR AREAS POOR COMMUNITIES POOR HOUSEHOLDS POOR PEOPLE POVERTY IMPACTS POVERTY REDUCTION POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGY POVERTY TARGETING PRIMARY SCHOOL PRIORITIES PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION PROJECT BENEFICIARIES PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION PROJECT MONITORING PUBLIC SECTOR PUBLIC SERVICES RESEARCH INSTITUTE RURAL AREAS RURAL POOR SELECTION BIAS SERVICE DELIVERY SOCIAL ASSISTANCE SOCIAL CAPITAL SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT SOCIAL FUNDS SOCIAL INVESTMENT FUNDS SOCIAL NETWORKS SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS SOCIAL SCIENTISTS SUSTAINABILITY TARGETING PERFORMANCE Community-based (and driven) development (CBD/CDD) projects have become an important form of development assistance, with the World Bank's portfolio alone approximating 7 billion dollars. The authors review the conceptual foundations of CBD/CDD initiatives. Given the importance of the topic, there are, unfortunately, a dearth of well-designed evaluations of such projects. But there is enough quantitative and qualitative evidence from studies that have either been published in peer-reviewed publications or have been conducted by independent researchers to glean some instructive lessons. The authors find that projects that rely on community participation have not been particularly effective at targeting the poor. There is some evidence that CBD/CDD projects create effective community infrastructure, but not a single study establishes a causal relationship between any outcome and participatory elements of a CBD project. Most CBD projects are dominated by elites and, in general, the targeting of poor communities as well as project quality tend to be markedly worse in more unequal communities. However, a number of studies find a U-shaped relationship between inequality and project outcomes. The authors also find that a distinction between potentially "benevolent" forms of elite domination and more pernicious types of "capture" is likely to be important for understanding project dynamics and outcomes. Several qualitative studies indicate that the sustainability of CBD initiatives depends crucially on an enabling institutional environment, which requires upward commitment. Equally, the literature indicates that community leaders need to be downwardly accountable to avoid a variant of "supply-driven demand-driven development." Qualitative evidence also suggests that external agents strongly influence project success. However, facilitators are often poorly trained and inexperienced, particularly when programs are rapidly scaled up. Overall, a naive application of complex contextual concepts like "participation," "social capital," and "empowerment" is endemic among project implementers and contributes to poor design and implementation. In sum, the evidence suggests that CBD/CDD is best done in a context-specific manner, with a long time-horizon, and with careful and well-designed monitoring and evaluation systems. 2013-07-01T17:24:30Z 2013-07-01T17:24:30Z 2004-02 http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2004/02/3889852/community-based-driven-development-critical-review http://hdl.handle.net/10986/14310 English en_US Policy Research Working Paper;No.3209 CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/ World Bank World Bank, Washington, D.C. Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper Publications & Research |