Improving Access to HIV/AIDS Medicines in Africa : Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights Flexibilities
The study begins with an overview of the Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) agreement and its flexibilities, delineating the legal requirements of the TRIPS agreement regarding their use. It then examines the challenges entailed in the beneficial interpretation and impleme...
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| Format: | Publication |
| Language: | en_US |
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Washington, DC: World Bank
2013
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://hdl.handle.net/10986/13542 |
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okr-10986-13542 |
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oai_dc |
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Digital Repository |
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Foreign Institution |
| institution |
Digital Repositories |
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World Bank Open Knowledge Repository |
| collection |
World Bank |
| language |
en_US |
| topic |
adequate remuneration administrative procedures administrative process administrative processes affordable access Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects anticompetitive practices applicable law bargaining power best practice best practices bilateral agreement Biotechnology brain tumors capacity-building civil society Common Market compulsory licenses Copyright decision making dermatitis developing world dispute settlement Dispute Settlement Body domestic industries domestic laws domestic legislation domestic market Economic Community European Union exchange rate expiry date exporting country external market foreign exchange global market global trading government expenditure government policy harmonization headaches health care Health Services hospitals immunodeficiency implementation strategies import duty importing countries importing country industrial property information flow innovation innovations institutional capacity Intellectual Property Intellectual Property Organization intellectual property right Intellectual Property Rights international agreements International Bank international conventions international law international levels International organizations invention inventions IP joint ventures laws legal basis legal framework legal instruments legal requirements legal status license Licensing licensing agreements local industry local market Local Production manufacturing market share marketing material Medicines member countries member state member states minimum standards Ministerial Conference mutual recognition national laws national legislation neighboring countries nontariff barriers Patent patent application patent applications patent holders patent law patent laws patent protection patent rights patent systems Patentability patented drugs Patented products Patents patients Photo policy makers preferential treatment private sector procurement procurement practices procurement processes production process production processes Protection Article protection of intellectual property protocols Public Health public interest public opinion public sector purchasing power quality control quality of life queries regional basis regional bodies regional groups regional institutions regional level regional organizations Regional Trade regulatory approval regulatory authorities regulatory framework regulatory regimes result results right holder royalties Sahara search searches secure access Social security standardization Sub-Saharan Africa subsidiary rights supervision technical assistance technical knowledge technological development technological knowledge technology transfer Telephone The Gambia trade areas trade dispute trade negotiations trade rules trade sanctions trading system transition period Transition Periods TRIPS Agreement Unfair Competition universal access users uses utility model utility models virus workers World Trade World Trade Organization |
| spellingShingle |
adequate remuneration administrative procedures administrative process administrative processes affordable access Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects anticompetitive practices applicable law bargaining power best practice best practices bilateral agreement Biotechnology brain tumors capacity-building civil society Common Market compulsory licenses Copyright decision making dermatitis developing world dispute settlement Dispute Settlement Body domestic industries domestic laws domestic legislation domestic market Economic Community European Union exchange rate expiry date exporting country external market foreign exchange global market global trading government expenditure government policy harmonization headaches health care Health Services hospitals immunodeficiency implementation strategies import duty importing countries importing country industrial property information flow innovation innovations institutional capacity Intellectual Property Intellectual Property Organization intellectual property right Intellectual Property Rights international agreements International Bank international conventions international law international levels International organizations invention inventions IP joint ventures laws legal basis legal framework legal instruments legal requirements legal status license Licensing licensing agreements local industry local market Local Production manufacturing market share marketing material Medicines member countries member state member states minimum standards Ministerial Conference mutual recognition national laws national legislation neighboring countries nontariff barriers Patent patent application patent applications patent holders patent law patent laws patent protection patent rights patent systems Patentability patented drugs Patented products Patents patients Photo policy makers preferential treatment private sector procurement procurement practices procurement processes production process production processes Protection Article protection of intellectual property protocols Public Health public interest public opinion public sector purchasing power quality control quality of life queries regional basis regional bodies regional groups regional institutions regional level regional organizations Regional Trade regulatory approval regulatory authorities regulatory framework regulatory regimes result results right holder royalties Sahara search searches secure access Social security standardization Sub-Saharan Africa subsidiary rights supervision technical assistance technical knowledge technological development technological knowledge technology transfer Telephone The Gambia trade areas trade dispute trade negotiations trade rules trade sanctions trading system transition period Transition Periods TRIPS Agreement Unfair Competition universal access users uses utility model utility models virus workers World Trade World Trade Organization Osewe, Patrick L. Nkrumah, Yvonne K. Sackey, Emmanuel K. Improving Access to HIV/AIDS Medicines in Africa : Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights Flexibilities |
| geographic_facet |
Africa |
| relation |
Directions in Development--Human Development; |
| description |
The study begins with an overview of the Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) agreement and its flexibilities, delineating the legal requirements of the TRIPS agreement regarding their use. It then examines the challenges entailed in the beneficial interpretation and implementation of the TRIPS agreement at both the national and regional levels under the auspices of African Regional Intellectual Property Organization (ARIPO) and African Intellectual Property Organization (OAPI). The next section reviews the domestic antiretroviral (ARV) production experiences of Zimbabwe, Kenya, South Africa, and Ghana with an eye for evaluating the option of sustainable local production. The study is based on existing literature and on interaction with various key players and resource persons in government institutions, the private sector, and civil society groups, especially nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) at the national level. Information was gathered from officials of the regional patent institutions, OAPI and ARIPO, along with official documents of these institutions. International organizations involved in HIV/AIDS work in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) also provided input. The study was conducted under considerable time and logistical constraints, making it difficult to meet and interview all the persons that the authors wished to consult during travel across the African continent. Another limitation was the lack of an easily accessible database on ARVs and other HIV/AIDS medicines being used in Africa, their patent status, and their relative prices. National drug procurement bodies were often reluctant to divulge information on prices and quantities of medicines obtained. |
| format |
Publications & Research :: Publication |
| author |
Osewe, Patrick L. Nkrumah, Yvonne K. Sackey, Emmanuel K. |
| author_facet |
Osewe, Patrick L. Nkrumah, Yvonne K. Sackey, Emmanuel K. |
| author_sort |
Osewe, Patrick L. |
| title |
Improving Access to HIV/AIDS Medicines in Africa : Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights Flexibilities |
| title_short |
Improving Access to HIV/AIDS Medicines in Africa : Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights Flexibilities |
| title_full |
Improving Access to HIV/AIDS Medicines in Africa : Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights Flexibilities |
| title_fullStr |
Improving Access to HIV/AIDS Medicines in Africa : Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights Flexibilities |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Improving Access to HIV/AIDS Medicines in Africa : Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights Flexibilities |
| title_sort |
improving access to hiv/aids medicines in africa : trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights flexibilities |
| publisher |
Washington, DC: World Bank |
| publishDate |
2013 |
| url |
http://hdl.handle.net/10986/13542 |
| _version_ |
1764424522666082304 |
| spelling |
okr-10986-135422021-04-23T14:03:10Z Improving Access to HIV/AIDS Medicines in Africa : Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights Flexibilities Osewe, Patrick L. Nkrumah, Yvonne K. Sackey, Emmanuel K. adequate remuneration administrative procedures administrative process administrative processes affordable access Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects anticompetitive practices applicable law bargaining power best practice best practices bilateral agreement Biotechnology brain tumors capacity-building civil society Common Market compulsory licenses Copyright decision making dermatitis developing world dispute settlement Dispute Settlement Body domestic industries domestic laws domestic legislation domestic market E-mail Economic Community European Union exchange rate expiry date exporting country external market foreign exchange global market global trading government expenditure government policy harmonization headaches health care Health Services hospitals immunodeficiency implementation strategies import duty importing countries importing country industrial property information flow innovation innovations institutional capacity Intellectual Property Intellectual Property Organization intellectual property right Intellectual Property Rights international agreements International Bank international conventions international law international levels International organizations invention inventions IP joint ventures laws legal basis legal framework legal instruments legal requirements legal status license Licensing licensing agreements local industry local market Local Production manufacturing market share marketing material Medicines member countries member state member states minimum standards Ministerial Conference mutual recognition national laws national legislation neighboring countries nontariff barriers Patent patent application patent applications patent holders patent law patent laws patent protection patent rights patent systems Patentability patented drugs Patented products Patents patients pdf Photo policy makers preferential treatment private sector procurement procurement practices procurement processes production process production processes Protection Article protection of intellectual property protocols Public Health public interest public opinion public sector purchasing power quality control quality of life queries regional basis regional bodies regional groups regional institutions regional level regional organizations Regional Trade regulatory approval regulatory authorities regulatory framework regulatory regimes result results right holder royalties Sahara search searches secure access Social security standardization Sub-Saharan Africa subsidiary rights supervision technical assistance technical knowledge technological development technological knowledge technology transfer Telephone The Gambia trade areas trade dispute trade negotiations trade rules trade sanctions trading system transition period Transition Periods TRIPS Agreement Unfair Competition universal access users uses utility model utility models virus workers World Trade World Trade Organization The study begins with an overview of the Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) agreement and its flexibilities, delineating the legal requirements of the TRIPS agreement regarding their use. It then examines the challenges entailed in the beneficial interpretation and implementation of the TRIPS agreement at both the national and regional levels under the auspices of African Regional Intellectual Property Organization (ARIPO) and African Intellectual Property Organization (OAPI). The next section reviews the domestic antiretroviral (ARV) production experiences of Zimbabwe, Kenya, South Africa, and Ghana with an eye for evaluating the option of sustainable local production. The study is based on existing literature and on interaction with various key players and resource persons in government institutions, the private sector, and civil society groups, especially nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) at the national level. Information was gathered from officials of the regional patent institutions, OAPI and ARIPO, along with official documents of these institutions. International organizations involved in HIV/AIDS work in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) also provided input. The study was conducted under considerable time and logistical constraints, making it difficult to meet and interview all the persons that the authors wished to consult during travel across the African continent. Another limitation was the lack of an easily accessible database on ARVs and other HIV/AIDS medicines being used in Africa, their patent status, and their relative prices. National drug procurement bodies were often reluctant to divulge information on prices and quantities of medicines obtained. 2013-05-24T16:56:50Z 2013-05-24T16:56:50Z 2010-04-20 978-0-8213-7544-0 http://hdl.handle.net/10986/13542 en_US Directions in Development--Human Development; CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo World Bank Washington, DC: World Bank Publications & Research :: Publication Publications & Research Africa |