Gender and Agriculture : Inefficiencies, Segregation, and Low Productivity Traps
Women make essential contributions to agriculture in developing countries, where they constitute approximately 43 percent of the agricultural labor force. However, female farmers typically have lower output per unit of land and are much less likely...
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| Format: | Policy Research Working Paper |
| Language: | English en_US |
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World Bank, Washington, DC
2013
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| Online Access: | http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2013/02/17371511/gender-agriculture-inefficiencies-segregation-low-productivity-traps http://hdl.handle.net/10986/13171 |
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okr-10986-131712021-04-23T14:03:07Z Gender and Agriculture : Inefficiencies, Segregation, and Low Productivity Traps Croppenstedt, Andre Goldstein, Markus Rosas, Nina ACCESS TO LAND ACCESS TO RESOURCES AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION CENTERS AGRICULTURAL INFORMATION AGRICULTURAL INNOVATION AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AGRICULTURE COMMON PROPERTY CROPS CULTURAL CHANGE DIET DISCRIMINATION ECONOMICS EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT EMPOWERMENT EQUAL ACCESS EQUIPMENT EXTENSION EXTENSION SERVICES FARMERS FARMS FEMALE FEMALE FARMERS FEMALE LABOR FEMINIST FEMINIST ECONOMICS FERTILIZERS GENDER GENDER ANALYSIS GENDER DIFFERENCES GENDER DIFFERENTIALS GENDER DIMENSION GENDER GAP GENDER GAPS GENDER IMBALANCES GENDER INEQUALITY GENDER ROLES GENDER SENSITIVITY GENDERS GIRLS HEADS OF HOUSEHOLD HOUSEHOLD INCOME HOUSEHOLDS HUNGER HUSBAND HUSBANDS INCOMES INHERITANCE INTEGRATION LABOR FORCE LABOR MARKET LAND DEVELOPMENT LAND OWNERSHIP LAND REFORM LAWS LIFE SCIENCES LITERACY LIVESTOCK MALES MARITAL STATUS MARKETING MARRIED MEN MARRIED WOMEN NEW TECHNOLOGIES NORMS NUTRITION OLDER WOMEN OPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMEN OWNERSHIP OF LAND POWER PRODUCTIVITY PROPERTY RIGHTS RURAL AREAS SCIENTISTS SINGLE MEN SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT SOCIAL NETWORKS SOCIETY UNITED NATIONS UNMARRIED WOMEN WAGE GAP WIDOWS WIFE WILL WILLS WIVES WOMAN WOMEN FARMERS WOMEN IN AGRICULTURE WOMEN IN SCIENCE WOMEN SCIENTISTS WOMEN WORKERS AFRICA GENDER POLICY GENDER INNOVATION LAB WOMEN AND AGRICULTURE Women make essential contributions to agriculture in developing countries, where they constitute approximately 43 percent of the agricultural labor force. However, female farmers typically have lower output per unit of land and are much less likely to be active in commercial farming than their male counterparts. These gender differences in land productivity and participation between male and female farmers are due to gender differences in access to inputs, resources, and services. In this paper, the authors review the evidence on productivity differences and access to resources. They discuss some of the reasons for these differences, such as differences in property rights, education, control over resources (e.g., land), access to inputs and services (e.g., fertilizer, extension, and credit), and social norms. Although women are less active in commercial farming and are largely excluded from contract farming, they often provide the bulk of wage labor in the nontraditional export sector. In general, gender gaps do not appear to fall systematically with growth, and they appear to rise with GDP per capita and with greater access to resources and inputs. Active policies that support women's access and participation, not just greater overall access, are essential if these gaps are to be closed. The gains in terms of greater productivity of land and overall production are likely to be large. 2013-04-11T20:35:24Z 2013-04-11T20:35:24Z 2013-02 http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2013/02/17371511/gender-agriculture-inefficiencies-segregation-low-productivity-traps http://hdl.handle.net/10986/13171 English en_US Policy Research Working Paper;No. 6370 CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/ World Bank World Bank, Washington, DC Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper Publications & Research |
| repository_type |
Digital Repository |
| institution_category |
Foreign Institution |
| institution |
Digital Repositories |
| building |
World Bank Open Knowledge Repository |
| collection |
World Bank |
| language |
English en_US |
| topic |
ACCESS TO LAND ACCESS TO RESOURCES AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION CENTERS AGRICULTURAL INFORMATION AGRICULTURAL INNOVATION AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AGRICULTURE COMMON PROPERTY CROPS CULTURAL CHANGE DIET DISCRIMINATION ECONOMICS EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT EMPOWERMENT EQUAL ACCESS EQUIPMENT EXTENSION EXTENSION SERVICES FARMERS FARMS FEMALE FEMALE FARMERS FEMALE LABOR FEMINIST FEMINIST ECONOMICS FERTILIZERS GENDER GENDER ANALYSIS GENDER DIFFERENCES GENDER DIFFERENTIALS GENDER DIMENSION GENDER GAP GENDER GAPS GENDER IMBALANCES GENDER INEQUALITY GENDER ROLES GENDER SENSITIVITY GENDERS GIRLS HEADS OF HOUSEHOLD HOUSEHOLD INCOME HOUSEHOLDS HUNGER HUSBAND HUSBANDS INCOMES INHERITANCE INTEGRATION LABOR FORCE LABOR MARKET LAND DEVELOPMENT LAND OWNERSHIP LAND REFORM LAWS LIFE SCIENCES LITERACY LIVESTOCK MALES MARITAL STATUS MARKETING MARRIED MEN MARRIED WOMEN NEW TECHNOLOGIES NORMS NUTRITION OLDER WOMEN OPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMEN OWNERSHIP OF LAND POWER PRODUCTIVITY PROPERTY RIGHTS RURAL AREAS SCIENTISTS SINGLE MEN SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT SOCIAL NETWORKS SOCIETY UNITED NATIONS UNMARRIED WOMEN WAGE GAP WIDOWS WIFE WILL WILLS WIVES WOMAN WOMEN FARMERS WOMEN IN AGRICULTURE WOMEN IN SCIENCE WOMEN SCIENTISTS WOMEN WORKERS AFRICA GENDER POLICY GENDER INNOVATION LAB WOMEN AND AGRICULTURE |
| spellingShingle |
ACCESS TO LAND ACCESS TO RESOURCES AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION CENTERS AGRICULTURAL INFORMATION AGRICULTURAL INNOVATION AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AGRICULTURE COMMON PROPERTY CROPS CULTURAL CHANGE DIET DISCRIMINATION ECONOMICS EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT EMPOWERMENT EQUAL ACCESS EQUIPMENT EXTENSION EXTENSION SERVICES FARMERS FARMS FEMALE FEMALE FARMERS FEMALE LABOR FEMINIST FEMINIST ECONOMICS FERTILIZERS GENDER GENDER ANALYSIS GENDER DIFFERENCES GENDER DIFFERENTIALS GENDER DIMENSION GENDER GAP GENDER GAPS GENDER IMBALANCES GENDER INEQUALITY GENDER ROLES GENDER SENSITIVITY GENDERS GIRLS HEADS OF HOUSEHOLD HOUSEHOLD INCOME HOUSEHOLDS HUNGER HUSBAND HUSBANDS INCOMES INHERITANCE INTEGRATION LABOR FORCE LABOR MARKET LAND DEVELOPMENT LAND OWNERSHIP LAND REFORM LAWS LIFE SCIENCES LITERACY LIVESTOCK MALES MARITAL STATUS MARKETING MARRIED MEN MARRIED WOMEN NEW TECHNOLOGIES NORMS NUTRITION OLDER WOMEN OPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMEN OWNERSHIP OF LAND POWER PRODUCTIVITY PROPERTY RIGHTS RURAL AREAS SCIENTISTS SINGLE MEN SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT SOCIAL NETWORKS SOCIETY UNITED NATIONS UNMARRIED WOMEN WAGE GAP WIDOWS WIFE WILL WILLS WIVES WOMAN WOMEN FARMERS WOMEN IN AGRICULTURE WOMEN IN SCIENCE WOMEN SCIENTISTS WOMEN WORKERS AFRICA GENDER POLICY GENDER INNOVATION LAB WOMEN AND AGRICULTURE Croppenstedt, Andre Goldstein, Markus Rosas, Nina Gender and Agriculture : Inefficiencies, Segregation, and Low Productivity Traps |
| relation |
Policy Research Working Paper;No. 6370 |
| description |
Women make essential contributions to
agriculture in developing countries, where they constitute
approximately 43 percent of the agricultural labor force.
However, female farmers typically have lower output per unit
of land and are much less likely to be active in commercial
farming than their male counterparts. These gender
differences in land productivity and participation between
male and female farmers are due to gender differences in
access to inputs, resources, and services. In this paper,
the authors review the evidence on productivity differences
and access to resources. They discuss some of the reasons
for these differences, such as differences in property
rights, education, control over resources (e.g., land),
access to inputs and services (e.g., fertilizer, extension,
and credit), and social norms. Although women are less
active in commercial farming and are largely excluded from
contract farming, they often provide the bulk of wage labor
in the nontraditional export sector. In general, gender gaps
do not appear to fall systematically with growth, and they
appear to rise with GDP per capita and with greater access
to resources and inputs. Active policies that support
women's access and participation, not just greater
overall access, are essential if these gaps are to be
closed. The gains in terms of greater productivity of land
and overall production are likely to be large. |
| format |
Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper |
| author |
Croppenstedt, Andre Goldstein, Markus Rosas, Nina |
| author_facet |
Croppenstedt, Andre Goldstein, Markus Rosas, Nina |
| author_sort |
Croppenstedt, Andre |
| title |
Gender and Agriculture : Inefficiencies, Segregation, and Low Productivity Traps |
| title_short |
Gender and Agriculture : Inefficiencies, Segregation, and Low Productivity Traps |
| title_full |
Gender and Agriculture : Inefficiencies, Segregation, and Low Productivity Traps |
| title_fullStr |
Gender and Agriculture : Inefficiencies, Segregation, and Low Productivity Traps |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Gender and Agriculture : Inefficiencies, Segregation, and Low Productivity Traps |
| title_sort |
gender and agriculture : inefficiencies, segregation, and low productivity traps |
| publisher |
World Bank, Washington, DC |
| publishDate |
2013 |
| url |
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2013/02/17371511/gender-agriculture-inefficiencies-segregation-low-productivity-traps http://hdl.handle.net/10986/13171 |
| _version_ |
1764422876280127488 |