Closing Rural-Urban MDG Gaps in Low-Income Countries : A General Equilibrium Perspective

This paper addresses policies aimed at closing the rural-urban gap for one of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), the under-five mortality rate (U5MR). The paper relies on the Maquette for MDG Simulations (MAMS), a computable general equilibri...

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Main Author:	Lofgren, Hans
Format:	Policy Research Working Paper
Language:	English en_US
Published:	World Bank, Washington, DC 2013
Subjects:	ACCESS TO HEALTH SERVICES ACCOUNTING AGRICULTURAL EMPLOYMENT AGRICULTURAL LAND AGRICULTURAL SERVICES AGRICULTURE BALANCE OF PAYMENTS BANK POLICY BASE YEAR BASIC SANITATION BUDGET CONSTRAINT BUDGET CONSTRAINTS CAPITAL ACCOUNT CAPITAL STOCK CAPITAL STOCKS CAPITAL USE CHECKS COMMODITY PRICES CONSUMPTION INCREASES CONSUMPTION SMOOTHING DEBT DEBT STOCKS DEMAND CURVES DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPING COUNTRY DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DEVELOPMENT POLICIES DEVELOPMENT POLICY DISCRIMINATION DISPOSABLE INCOME DOMESTIC BORROWING DOMESTIC CURRENCY DOMESTIC MARKET DOMESTIC MARKETS ECONOMETRIC ANALYSIS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC SYSTEMS EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT ELASTICITY ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT EQUILIBRIUM EXPENDITURE EXPORTS FACTOR DEMAND FINANCES FISCAL POLICIES FISCAL POLICY FOREIGN CURRENCY FOREIGN DEBT FOREIGN DEBTS FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT FOREIGN EXCHANGE FOREIGN INTEREST FULL EMPLOYMENT FUNCTIONAL FORMS GDP GDP PER CAPITA GINI COEFFICIENT GLOBAL ECONOMY GOVERNMENT BORROWING GOVERNMENT BUDGET GOVERNMENT CAPACITY GOVERNMENT DEBT GOVERNMENT DEBTS GOVERNMENT INVESTMENT GOVERNMENT POLICIES GOVERNMENT SPENDING GROSS NATIONAL SAVINGS GROWTH RATE HEALTH OUTCOMES HEALTH POLICY HEALTH SECTOR HEALTH SERVICES HEALTH WORKERS HOUSEHOLD BUDGET HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION HOUSEHOLD INCOMES HOUSEHOLD SAVINGS HOUSEHOLD SURVEY HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INCOME INCOME DISTRIBUTION INCOME LEVELS INEQUALITY INTEREST INCOME INTEREST PAYMENTS INTERNAL RATES OF RETURN INTERNATIONAL BANK INVESTMENT FINANCING INVESTMENT RATES LABOR FORCE LABOR MARKET LACK OF SANITATION LACK OF WATER LEVEL OF EDUCATION LEVELS OF EDUCATION LIVING CONDITIONS LOCAL CURRENCY LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES LOW-INCOME COUNTRY MARKET CONSTRAINTS MARKET PRICES MATERNAL MORTALITY MEDICINES MIGRATION MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOAL MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS MORTALITY MORTALITY RATE NATURAL RESOURCE OPPORTUNITY COSTS PAYMENT FLOWS POLICY ANALYSIS POLICY DISCUSSIONS POLICY RESEARCH POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER POOR POOR PEOPLE POPULATION GROUPS POVERTY DATA POVERTY INDICATORS POVERTY RATES POVERTY REDUCTION PRICE CHANGES PRICE LEVELS PRIMARY EDUCATION PRIVATE CAPITAL PRIVATE CAPITAL STOCKS PRIVATE INVESTMENT PRIVATE TRANSFERS PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH PROFIT MAXIMIZATION PROFIT RATE PROGRESS PURCHASING POWER RATE OF POPULATION GROWTH REAL EXCHANGE RATE REMITTANCES RESEARCH PROGRAM RESPECT RETURNS RURAL RURAL AREAS RURAL GROWTH RURAL HEALTH RURAL HOUSEHOLD RURAL HOUSEHOLDS RURAL MIGRATION RURAL POPULATION RURAL POPULATIONS RURAL POVERTY RURAL POVERTY RATE RURAL POVERTY RATES RURAL SERVICE RURAL WATER SAFE WATER SANITATION SAVINGS SAVINGS RATES SCHOOL ATTENDANCE SERVICE DELIVERY SERVICE PROVISION STOCKS STRUCTURAL CHANGE SUPPLY CURVE SUPPLY CURVES TARGETING TAX TERTIARY EDUCATION TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY TRADE POLICY TRANSPORTATION TRUST FUND UNEMPLOYMENT UNEMPLOYMENT RATE URBAN AREAS URBAN BIAS URBAN DEVELOPMENT URBAN POPULATION URBAN POPULATIONS URBAN POVERTY URBANIZATION VALUE ADDED WAGES WORKERS
Online Access:	http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2013/03/17487083/closing-rural-urban-mdg-gaps-low-income-countries-general-equilibrium-perspective http://hdl.handle.net/10986/13133

id	okr-10986-13133
recordtype	oai_dc
repository_type	Digital Repository
institution_category	Foreign Institution
institution	Digital Repositories
building	World Bank Open Knowledge Repository
collection	World Bank
language	English en_US
topic	ACCESS TO HEALTH SERVICES ACCOUNTING AGRICULTURAL EMPLOYMENT AGRICULTURAL LAND AGRICULTURAL SERVICES AGRICULTURE BALANCE OF PAYMENTS BANK POLICY BASE YEAR BASIC SANITATION BUDGET CONSTRAINT BUDGET CONSTRAINTS CAPITAL ACCOUNT CAPITAL STOCK CAPITAL STOCKS CAPITAL USE CHECKS COMMODITY PRICES CONSUMPTION INCREASES CONSUMPTION SMOOTHING DEBT DEBT STOCKS DEMAND CURVES DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPING COUNTRY DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DEVELOPMENT POLICIES DEVELOPMENT POLICY DISCRIMINATION DISPOSABLE INCOME DOMESTIC BORROWING DOMESTIC CURRENCY DOMESTIC MARKET DOMESTIC MARKETS ECONOMETRIC ANALYSIS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC SYSTEMS EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT ELASTICITY ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT EQUILIBRIUM EXPENDITURE EXPORTS FACTOR DEMAND FINANCES FISCAL POLICIES FISCAL POLICY FOREIGN CURRENCY FOREIGN DEBT FOREIGN DEBTS FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT FOREIGN EXCHANGE FOREIGN INTEREST FULL EMPLOYMENT FUNCTIONAL FORMS GDP GDP PER CAPITA GINI COEFFICIENT GLOBAL ECONOMY GOVERNMENT BORROWING GOVERNMENT BUDGET GOVERNMENT CAPACITY GOVERNMENT DEBT GOVERNMENT DEBTS GOVERNMENT INVESTMENT GOVERNMENT POLICIES GOVERNMENT SPENDING GROSS NATIONAL SAVINGS GROWTH RATE HEALTH OUTCOMES HEALTH POLICY HEALTH SECTOR HEALTH SERVICES HEALTH WORKERS HOUSEHOLD BUDGET HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION HOUSEHOLD INCOMES HOUSEHOLD SAVINGS HOUSEHOLD SURVEY HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INCOME INCOME DISTRIBUTION INCOME LEVELS INEQUALITY INTEREST INCOME INTEREST PAYMENTS INTERNAL RATES OF RETURN INTERNATIONAL BANK INVESTMENT FINANCING INVESTMENT RATES LABOR FORCE LABOR MARKET LACK OF SANITATION LACK OF WATER LEVEL OF EDUCATION LEVELS OF EDUCATION LIVING CONDITIONS LOCAL CURRENCY LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES LOW-INCOME COUNTRY MARKET CONSTRAINTS MARKET PRICES MATERNAL MORTALITY MEDICINES MIGRATION MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOAL MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS MORTALITY MORTALITY RATE NATURAL RESOURCE OPPORTUNITY COSTS PAYMENT FLOWS POLICY ANALYSIS POLICY DISCUSSIONS POLICY RESEARCH POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER POOR POOR PEOPLE POPULATION GROUPS POVERTY DATA POVERTY INDICATORS POVERTY RATES POVERTY REDUCTION PRICE CHANGES PRICE LEVELS PRIMARY EDUCATION PRIVATE CAPITAL PRIVATE CAPITAL STOCKS PRIVATE INVESTMENT PRIVATE TRANSFERS PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH PROFIT MAXIMIZATION PROFIT RATE PROGRESS PURCHASING POWER RATE OF POPULATION GROWTH REAL EXCHANGE RATE REMITTANCES RESEARCH PROGRAM RESPECT RETURNS RURAL RURAL AREAS RURAL GROWTH RURAL HEALTH RURAL HOUSEHOLD RURAL HOUSEHOLDS RURAL MIGRATION RURAL POPULATION RURAL POPULATIONS RURAL POVERTY RURAL POVERTY RATE RURAL POVERTY RATES RURAL SERVICE RURAL WATER SAFE WATER SANITATION SAVINGS SAVINGS RATES SCHOOL ATTENDANCE SERVICE DELIVERY SERVICE PROVISION STOCKS STRUCTURAL CHANGE SUPPLY CURVE SUPPLY CURVES TARGETING TAX TERTIARY EDUCATION TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY TRADE POLICY TRANSPORTATION TRUST FUND UNEMPLOYMENT UNEMPLOYMENT RATE URBAN AREAS URBAN BIAS URBAN DEVELOPMENT URBAN POPULATION URBAN POPULATIONS URBAN POVERTY URBANIZATION VALUE ADDED WAGES WORKERS
spellingShingle	ACCESS TO HEALTH SERVICES ACCOUNTING AGRICULTURAL EMPLOYMENT AGRICULTURAL LAND AGRICULTURAL SERVICES AGRICULTURE BALANCE OF PAYMENTS BANK POLICY BASE YEAR BASIC SANITATION BUDGET CONSTRAINT BUDGET CONSTRAINTS CAPITAL ACCOUNT CAPITAL STOCK CAPITAL STOCKS CAPITAL USE CHECKS COMMODITY PRICES CONSUMPTION INCREASES CONSUMPTION SMOOTHING DEBT DEBT STOCKS DEMAND CURVES DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPING COUNTRY DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DEVELOPMENT POLICIES DEVELOPMENT POLICY DISCRIMINATION DISPOSABLE INCOME DOMESTIC BORROWING DOMESTIC CURRENCY DOMESTIC MARKET DOMESTIC MARKETS ECONOMETRIC ANALYSIS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC SYSTEMS EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT ELASTICITY ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT EQUILIBRIUM EXPENDITURE EXPORTS FACTOR DEMAND FINANCES FISCAL POLICIES FISCAL POLICY FOREIGN CURRENCY FOREIGN DEBT FOREIGN DEBTS FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT FOREIGN EXCHANGE FOREIGN INTEREST FULL EMPLOYMENT FUNCTIONAL FORMS GDP GDP PER CAPITA GINI COEFFICIENT GLOBAL ECONOMY GOVERNMENT BORROWING GOVERNMENT BUDGET GOVERNMENT CAPACITY GOVERNMENT DEBT GOVERNMENT DEBTS GOVERNMENT INVESTMENT GOVERNMENT POLICIES GOVERNMENT SPENDING GROSS NATIONAL SAVINGS GROWTH RATE HEALTH OUTCOMES HEALTH POLICY HEALTH SECTOR HEALTH SERVICES HEALTH WORKERS HOUSEHOLD BUDGET HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION HOUSEHOLD INCOMES HOUSEHOLD SAVINGS HOUSEHOLD SURVEY HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INCOME INCOME DISTRIBUTION INCOME LEVELS INEQUALITY INTEREST INCOME INTEREST PAYMENTS INTERNAL RATES OF RETURN INTERNATIONAL BANK INVESTMENT FINANCING INVESTMENT RATES LABOR FORCE LABOR MARKET LACK OF SANITATION LACK OF WATER LEVEL OF EDUCATION LEVELS OF EDUCATION LIVING CONDITIONS LOCAL CURRENCY LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES LOW-INCOME COUNTRY MARKET CONSTRAINTS MARKET PRICES MATERNAL MORTALITY MEDICINES MIGRATION MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOAL MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS MORTALITY MORTALITY RATE NATURAL RESOURCE OPPORTUNITY COSTS PAYMENT FLOWS POLICY ANALYSIS POLICY DISCUSSIONS POLICY RESEARCH POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER POOR POOR PEOPLE POPULATION GROUPS POVERTY DATA POVERTY INDICATORS POVERTY RATES POVERTY REDUCTION PRICE CHANGES PRICE LEVELS PRIMARY EDUCATION PRIVATE CAPITAL PRIVATE CAPITAL STOCKS PRIVATE INVESTMENT PRIVATE TRANSFERS PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH PROFIT MAXIMIZATION PROFIT RATE PROGRESS PURCHASING POWER RATE OF POPULATION GROWTH REAL EXCHANGE RATE REMITTANCES RESEARCH PROGRAM RESPECT RETURNS RURAL RURAL AREAS RURAL GROWTH RURAL HEALTH RURAL HOUSEHOLD RURAL HOUSEHOLDS RURAL MIGRATION RURAL POPULATION RURAL POPULATIONS RURAL POVERTY RURAL POVERTY RATE RURAL POVERTY RATES RURAL SERVICE RURAL WATER SAFE WATER SANITATION SAVINGS SAVINGS RATES SCHOOL ATTENDANCE SERVICE DELIVERY SERVICE PROVISION STOCKS STRUCTURAL CHANGE SUPPLY CURVE SUPPLY CURVES TARGETING TAX TERTIARY EDUCATION TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY TRADE POLICY TRANSPORTATION TRUST FUND UNEMPLOYMENT UNEMPLOYMENT RATE URBAN AREAS URBAN BIAS URBAN DEVELOPMENT URBAN POPULATION URBAN POPULATIONS URBAN POVERTY URBANIZATION VALUE ADDED WAGES WORKERS Lofgren, Hans Closing Rural-Urban MDG Gaps in Low-Income Countries : A General Equilibrium Perspective
relation	Policy Research Working Paper;No. 6390
description	This paper addresses policies aimed at closing the rural-urban gap for one of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), the under-five mortality rate (U5MR). The paper relies on the Maquette for MDG Simulations (MAMS), a computable general equilibrium model, applied to the database of an archetypical low-income country. The scenarios, which focus on the period 2013-2030, include a "business-as-usual" base scenario and policy scenarios that analyze efforts to raise the rural population up to the urban level in terms of health services or the under-five mortality rate. The policy scenarios are implemented with alternative sources of fiscal space. The results indicate that, if current trends continue, considerable progress for MDGs should be expected by 2030. If the government raises rural health services, then the decline in the rural U5MR would accelerate. If most additional resources come from foreign grants or government efficiency gains, then the repercussions for other development indicators, including poverty reduction, would be positive. However, if most additional resources are from domestic taxes or borrowing, then progress for the rural U5MR would come at the expense of less progress for other indicators. Sensitivity analysis shows that these qualitative findings are robust to different values for two parameters related to initial rural-urban cost and service gaps. However, quantitatively, the results depend on the values of these two parameters, implying that individual country characteristics strongly influence the fiscal-space requirements for and consequences of equalizing rural-urban MDG services and outcomes.
format	Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper
author	Lofgren, Hans
author_facet	Lofgren, Hans
author_sort	Lofgren, Hans
title	Closing Rural-Urban MDG Gaps in Low-Income Countries : A General Equilibrium Perspective
title_short	Closing Rural-Urban MDG Gaps in Low-Income Countries : A General Equilibrium Perspective
title_full	Closing Rural-Urban MDG Gaps in Low-Income Countries : A General Equilibrium Perspective
title_fullStr	Closing Rural-Urban MDG Gaps in Low-Income Countries : A General Equilibrium Perspective
title_full_unstemmed	Closing Rural-Urban MDG Gaps in Low-Income Countries : A General Equilibrium Perspective
title_sort	closing rural-urban mdg gaps in low-income countries : a general equilibrium perspective
publisher	World Bank, Washington, DC
publishDate	2013
url	http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2013/03/17487083/closing-rural-urban-mdg-gaps-low-income-countries-general-equilibrium-perspective http://hdl.handle.net/10986/13133
_version_	1764422774911139840
spelling	okr-10986-131332021-04-23T14:03:07Z Closing Rural-Urban MDG Gaps in Low-Income Countries : A General Equilibrium Perspective Lofgren, Hans ACCESS TO HEALTH SERVICES ACCOUNTING AGRICULTURAL EMPLOYMENT AGRICULTURAL LAND AGRICULTURAL SERVICES AGRICULTURE BALANCE OF PAYMENTS BANK POLICY BASE YEAR BASIC SANITATION BUDGET CONSTRAINT BUDGET CONSTRAINTS CAPITAL ACCOUNT CAPITAL STOCK CAPITAL STOCKS CAPITAL USE CHECKS COMMODITY PRICES CONSUMPTION INCREASES CONSUMPTION SMOOTHING DEBT DEBT STOCKS DEMAND CURVES DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPING COUNTRY DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DEVELOPMENT POLICIES DEVELOPMENT POLICY DISCRIMINATION DISPOSABLE INCOME DOMESTIC BORROWING DOMESTIC CURRENCY DOMESTIC MARKET DOMESTIC MARKETS ECONOMETRIC ANALYSIS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC SYSTEMS EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT ELASTICITY ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT EQUILIBRIUM EXPENDITURE EXPORTS FACTOR DEMAND FINANCES FISCAL POLICIES FISCAL POLICY FOREIGN CURRENCY FOREIGN DEBT FOREIGN DEBTS FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT FOREIGN EXCHANGE FOREIGN INTEREST FULL EMPLOYMENT FUNCTIONAL FORMS GDP GDP PER CAPITA GINI COEFFICIENT GLOBAL ECONOMY GOVERNMENT BORROWING GOVERNMENT BUDGET GOVERNMENT CAPACITY GOVERNMENT DEBT GOVERNMENT DEBTS GOVERNMENT INVESTMENT GOVERNMENT POLICIES GOVERNMENT SPENDING GROSS NATIONAL SAVINGS GROWTH RATE HEALTH OUTCOMES HEALTH POLICY HEALTH SECTOR HEALTH SERVICES HEALTH WORKERS HOUSEHOLD BUDGET HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION HOUSEHOLD INCOMES HOUSEHOLD SAVINGS HOUSEHOLD SURVEY HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INCOME INCOME DISTRIBUTION INCOME LEVELS INEQUALITY INTEREST INCOME INTEREST PAYMENTS INTERNAL RATES OF RETURN INTERNATIONAL BANK INVESTMENT FINANCING INVESTMENT RATES LABOR FORCE LABOR MARKET LACK OF SANITATION LACK OF WATER LEVEL OF EDUCATION LEVELS OF EDUCATION LIVING CONDITIONS LOCAL CURRENCY LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES LOW-INCOME COUNTRY MARKET CONSTRAINTS MARKET PRICES MATERNAL MORTALITY MEDICINES MIGRATION MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOAL MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS MORTALITY MORTALITY RATE NATURAL RESOURCE OPPORTUNITY COSTS PAYMENT FLOWS POLICY ANALYSIS POLICY DISCUSSIONS POLICY RESEARCH POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER POOR POOR PEOPLE POPULATION GROUPS POVERTY DATA POVERTY INDICATORS POVERTY RATES POVERTY REDUCTION PRICE CHANGES PRICE LEVELS PRIMARY EDUCATION PRIVATE CAPITAL PRIVATE CAPITAL STOCKS PRIVATE INVESTMENT PRIVATE TRANSFERS PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH PROFIT MAXIMIZATION PROFIT RATE PROGRESS PURCHASING POWER RATE OF POPULATION GROWTH REAL EXCHANGE RATE REMITTANCES RESEARCH PROGRAM RESPECT RETURNS RURAL RURAL AREAS RURAL GROWTH RURAL HEALTH RURAL HOUSEHOLD RURAL HOUSEHOLDS RURAL MIGRATION RURAL POPULATION RURAL POPULATIONS RURAL POVERTY RURAL POVERTY RATE RURAL POVERTY RATES RURAL SERVICE RURAL WATER SAFE WATER SANITATION SAVINGS SAVINGS RATES SCHOOL ATTENDANCE SERVICE DELIVERY SERVICE PROVISION STOCKS STRUCTURAL CHANGE SUPPLY CURVE SUPPLY CURVES TARGETING TAX TERTIARY EDUCATION TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY TRADE POLICY TRANSPORTATION TRUST FUND UNEMPLOYMENT UNEMPLOYMENT RATE URBAN AREAS URBAN BIAS URBAN DEVELOPMENT URBAN POPULATION URBAN POPULATIONS URBAN POVERTY URBANIZATION VALUE ADDED WAGES WORKERS This paper addresses policies aimed at closing the rural-urban gap for one of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), the under-five mortality rate (U5MR). The paper relies on the Maquette for MDG Simulations (MAMS), a computable general equilibrium model, applied to the database of an archetypical low-income country. The scenarios, which focus on the period 2013-2030, include a "business-as-usual" base scenario and policy scenarios that analyze efforts to raise the rural population up to the urban level in terms of health services or the under-five mortality rate. The policy scenarios are implemented with alternative sources of fiscal space. The results indicate that, if current trends continue, considerable progress for MDGs should be expected by 2030. If the government raises rural health services, then the decline in the rural U5MR would accelerate. If most additional resources come from foreign grants or government efficiency gains, then the repercussions for other development indicators, including poverty reduction, would be positive. However, if most additional resources are from domestic taxes or borrowing, then progress for the rural U5MR would come at the expense of less progress for other indicators. Sensitivity analysis shows that these qualitative findings are robust to different values for two parameters related to initial rural-urban cost and service gaps. However, quantitatively, the results depend on the values of these two parameters, implying that individual country characteristics strongly influence the fiscal-space requirements for and consequences of equalizing rural-urban MDG services and outcomes. 2013-04-10T19:02:25Z 2013-04-10T19:02:25Z 2013-03 http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2013/03/17487083/closing-rural-urban-mdg-gaps-low-income-countries-general-equilibrium-perspective http://hdl.handle.net/10986/13133 English en_US Policy Research Working Paper;No. 6390 CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/ World Bank World Bank, Washington, DC Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper Publications & Research

Closing Rural-Urban MDG Gaps in Low-Income Countries : A General Equilibrium Perspective

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