Looking Beyond the Horizon : How Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation Responses Will Reshape Agriculture in Eastern Europe and Central Asia

This volume presents a synthesis of the multi-country collaborative program of analytical and advisory activities titled reducing vulnerability to climate change in European and Central Asian (ECA) agricultural systems. Climate change and its impac...

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Main Authors: Sutton, William R., Srivastava, Jitendra P., Neumann, James E.
Format: Publication
Language:English
en_US
Published: Washington, DC: World Bank 2013
Subjects:
CO2
FAO
GCM
GHG
GIS
PET
Online Access:http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2013/03/17473996/looking-beyond-horizon-climate-change-impacts-adaptation-responses-reshape-agriculture-eastern-europe-central-asia
http://hdl.handle.net/10986/13119
id okr-10986-13119
recordtype oai_dc
repository_type Digital Repository
institution_category Foreign Institution
institution Digital Repositories
building World Bank Open Knowledge Repository
collection World Bank
language English
en_US
topic ACCESS TO CREDIT
AGRIBUSINESS
AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT
AGRICULTURAL ECONOMY
AGRICULTURAL EXPERTS
AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION
AGRICULTURAL INNOVATION
AGRICULTURAL KNOWLEDGE
AGRICULTURAL LAND
AGRICULTURAL MARKETS
AGRICULTURAL POLICIES
AGRICULTURAL POLICY
AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES
AGRICULTURAL PRICE
AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION
AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY
AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY RESEARCH
AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS
AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH
AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH INSTITUTES
AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS
AGRICULTURAL SECTORS
AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS
AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGIES
AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY
AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER
AGRICULTURAL YIELDS
AGRICULTURE
AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION
AGRONOMIC PRACTICE
AGRONOMIC PRACTICES
AGRONOMISTS
ALTERNATIVE ENERGY
ANIMALS
ANNUAL PRECIPITATION
AQUACULTURE
BIODIVERSITY
BIOGAS
CAPACITY BUILDING
CARBON
CARBON ACCUMULATION
CARBON DIOXIDE
CARBON DIOXIDE CONCENTRATIONS
CATTLE
CEREAL CROPS
CEREALS
CGIAR
CIMMYT
CLIMATE
CLIMATE CHANGE
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION
CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS
CLIMATE CHANGE SCENARIO
CLIMATE CHANGE SCENARIOS
CLIMATE HAZARDS
CLIMATE IMPACT
CLIMATE POLICY
CLIMATE RISK
CLIMATE SCENARIO
CLIMATE SCENARIOS
CLIMATE VARIABILITY
CLIMATES
CLIMATIC CHANGES
CO2
COLORS
COMBUSTION
CONSULTATIVE GROUP ON INTERNATIONAL AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH
COST ANALYSIS
COTTON
CROP
CROP AREAS
CROP DAMAGE
CROP INSURANCE
CROP MANAGEMENT
CROP PRODUCTION
CROP TYPES
CROP VARIETIES
CROP YIELD
CROP YIELDS
CROPPING
CROPS
DEGREE DAYS
DISEASES
DROUGHT
ECOLOGICAL ZONES
ECONOMICS OF ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
EFFECT OF CLIMATE CHANGE
ELECTRICITY
EMISSIONS SCENARIOS
ENERGY SOURCES
EROSION CONTROL
EVAPOTRANSPIRATION
EXTREME WEATHER
EXTREME WEATHER EVENTS
FAO
FARMERS
FARMING
FARMING SYSTEMS
FARMLAND
FARMS
FERTILIZATION
FISHERIES
FLOODS
FOOD DEMAND
FOOD PRICES
FOOD PRODUCTION
FOOD SECURITY
FORAGE CROPS
FORD FOUNDATION
FOREST
FOREST FIRES
FORESTRY
FORESTS
FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE
FRUITS
GCM
GHG
GIS
GLOBAL CLIMATE
GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT FACILITY
GREEN REVOLUTION
GREENHOUSE
GREENHOUSE GAS
GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS
GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS REDUCTION
GREENHOUSE GAS MITIGATION
GREENHOUSE GASES
HAIL
ICARDA
IFPRI
IMPACT ASSESSMENT
IMPACT OF CLIMATE
IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE
IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE
IMPLICATIONS OF CLIMATE CHANGE
INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENTS
INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH IN THE DRY AREAS
INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE
IPCC
IRRIGATION
IRRIGATION SYSTEMS
LAND USE
LIVESTOCK
LIVESTOCK FEED
LIVESTOCK OPERATIONS
LIVESTOCK PRODUCTS
MAIZE
METEOROLOGICAL DATA
METHANE
METHANE EMISSIONS
MOISTURE INDEX
NATURAL RESOURCES
NITROUS OXIDE
ORCHARDS
PESTS
PET
PLANT BREEDING
PLANT GROWTH
PLANT PRODUCTION
POTATOES
POULTRY
POVERTY ALLEVIATION
POVERTY REDUCTION
POWER SUPPLY
PRECIPITATION
QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS
RADIATION
RAIN
RAINFALL
RESEARCH CENTERS
RESILIENCE TO CLIMATE CHANGE
RISKS OF CLIMATE CHANGE
RIVER BASINS
ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION
ROOTS
RURAL DEVELOPMENT
RURAL ECONOMIES
RURAL POPULATION
SCIENTISTS
SEASONAL RAINFALL
SEED VARIETIES
SEEDS
SHEEP
SOIL DEGRADATION
SOIL EROSION
SOIL MOISTURE
SOIL TYPE
SOILS
SOYBEANS
STORMS
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER
TEMPERATURE
TEMPERATURE CHANGE
TEMPERATURES
TREES
UNDP
UNEP
UNITED NATIONS
UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME
UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME
UNITED STATES AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
USAID
VEGETABLE CROP
VEGETABLE PRODUCTION
VEGETABLES
VULNERABILITY TO CLIMATE CHANGE
WATER QUALITY
WATER RESOURCES
WATER USE EFFICIENCY
WATERSHED
WATERSHED MANAGEMENT
WEATHER EXTREMES
WEATHER PATTERNS
WHEAT
WIND
WIND EROSION
WINTER WHEAT
spellingShingle ACCESS TO CREDIT
AGRIBUSINESS
AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT
AGRICULTURAL ECONOMY
AGRICULTURAL EXPERTS
AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION
AGRICULTURAL INNOVATION
AGRICULTURAL KNOWLEDGE
AGRICULTURAL LAND
AGRICULTURAL MARKETS
AGRICULTURAL POLICIES
AGRICULTURAL POLICY
AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES
AGRICULTURAL PRICE
AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION
AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY
AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY RESEARCH
AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS
AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH
AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH INSTITUTES
AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS
AGRICULTURAL SECTORS
AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS
AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGIES
AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY
AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER
AGRICULTURAL YIELDS
AGRICULTURE
AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION
AGRONOMIC PRACTICE
AGRONOMIC PRACTICES
AGRONOMISTS
ALTERNATIVE ENERGY
ANIMALS
ANNUAL PRECIPITATION
AQUACULTURE
BIODIVERSITY
BIOGAS
CAPACITY BUILDING
CARBON
CARBON ACCUMULATION
CARBON DIOXIDE
CARBON DIOXIDE CONCENTRATIONS
CATTLE
CEREAL CROPS
CEREALS
CGIAR
CIMMYT
CLIMATE
CLIMATE CHANGE
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION
CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS
CLIMATE CHANGE SCENARIO
CLIMATE CHANGE SCENARIOS
CLIMATE HAZARDS
CLIMATE IMPACT
CLIMATE POLICY
CLIMATE RISK
CLIMATE SCENARIO
CLIMATE SCENARIOS
CLIMATE VARIABILITY
CLIMATES
CLIMATIC CHANGES
CO2
COLORS
COMBUSTION
CONSULTATIVE GROUP ON INTERNATIONAL AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH
COST ANALYSIS
COTTON
CROP
CROP AREAS
CROP DAMAGE
CROP INSURANCE
CROP MANAGEMENT
CROP PRODUCTION
CROP TYPES
CROP VARIETIES
CROP YIELD
CROP YIELDS
CROPPING
CROPS
DEGREE DAYS
DISEASES
DROUGHT
ECOLOGICAL ZONES
ECONOMICS OF ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
EFFECT OF CLIMATE CHANGE
ELECTRICITY
EMISSIONS SCENARIOS
ENERGY SOURCES
EROSION CONTROL
EVAPOTRANSPIRATION
EXTREME WEATHER
EXTREME WEATHER EVENTS
FAO
FARMERS
FARMING
FARMING SYSTEMS
FARMLAND
FARMS
FERTILIZATION
FISHERIES
FLOODS
FOOD DEMAND
FOOD PRICES
FOOD PRODUCTION
FOOD SECURITY
FORAGE CROPS
FORD FOUNDATION
FOREST
FOREST FIRES
FORESTRY
FORESTS
FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE
FRUITS
GCM
GHG
GIS
GLOBAL CLIMATE
GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT FACILITY
GREEN REVOLUTION
GREENHOUSE
GREENHOUSE GAS
GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS
GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS REDUCTION
GREENHOUSE GAS MITIGATION
GREENHOUSE GASES
HAIL
ICARDA
IFPRI
IMPACT ASSESSMENT
IMPACT OF CLIMATE
IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE
IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE
IMPLICATIONS OF CLIMATE CHANGE
INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENTS
INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH IN THE DRY AREAS
INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE
IPCC
IRRIGATION
IRRIGATION SYSTEMS
LAND USE
LIVESTOCK
LIVESTOCK FEED
LIVESTOCK OPERATIONS
LIVESTOCK PRODUCTS
MAIZE
METEOROLOGICAL DATA
METHANE
METHANE EMISSIONS
MOISTURE INDEX
NATURAL RESOURCES
NITROUS OXIDE
ORCHARDS
PESTS
PET
PLANT BREEDING
PLANT GROWTH
PLANT PRODUCTION
POTATOES
POULTRY
POVERTY ALLEVIATION
POVERTY REDUCTION
POWER SUPPLY
PRECIPITATION
QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS
RADIATION
RAIN
RAINFALL
RESEARCH CENTERS
RESILIENCE TO CLIMATE CHANGE
RISKS OF CLIMATE CHANGE
RIVER BASINS
ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION
ROOTS
RURAL DEVELOPMENT
RURAL ECONOMIES
RURAL POPULATION
SCIENTISTS
SEASONAL RAINFALL
SEED VARIETIES
SEEDS
SHEEP
SOIL DEGRADATION
SOIL EROSION
SOIL MOISTURE
SOIL TYPE
SOILS
SOYBEANS
STORMS
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER
TEMPERATURE
TEMPERATURE CHANGE
TEMPERATURES
TREES
UNDP
UNEP
UNITED NATIONS
UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME
UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME
UNITED STATES AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
USAID
VEGETABLE CROP
VEGETABLE PRODUCTION
VEGETABLES
VULNERABILITY TO CLIMATE CHANGE
WATER QUALITY
WATER RESOURCES
WATER USE EFFICIENCY
WATERSHED
WATERSHED MANAGEMENT
WEATHER EXTREMES
WEATHER PATTERNS
WHEAT
WIND
WIND EROSION
WINTER WHEAT
Sutton, William R.
Srivastava, Jitendra P.
Neumann, James E.
Looking Beyond the Horizon : How Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation Responses Will Reshape Agriculture in Eastern Europe and Central Asia
geographic_facet Europe and Central Asia
Europe and Central Asia
Eastern Europe
relation Directions in development : agriculture and rural development;
description This volume presents a synthesis of the multi-country collaborative program of analytical and advisory activities titled reducing vulnerability to climate change in European and Central Asian (ECA) agricultural systems. Climate change and its impacts on agricultural systems and rural economies are already evident throughout the ECA region. Adaptation measures now in use in the region-largely piecemeal efforts-would be insufficient to prevent impacts on agricultural production over the coming decades. Interest is growing among governments and many of their development partners to gain a better understanding of the exposure, sensitivities, and impacts of climate change at the farm level, and to develop and prioritize adaptation measures to build resilience to the potentially adverse consequences. Agricultural production is inextricably tied to climate, making agriculture one of the most climate-sensitive of all economic sectors. In many countries, such as the four examined in this work, the risks of climate change for the agricultural sector are a particularly immediate and important problem because the majority of the rural population depends either directly or indirectly on agriculture for their livelihoods. The risks of climate change cannot be effectively dealt with and the opportunities cannot be effectively exploited without a clear plan for aligning agricultural policies with climate change, for developing key agricultural institution capabilities, and for making needed infrastructure and on-farm investments. However, an important advantage of the innovative approach developed for this assessment is that it can be applied to gauge the climate change risks and opportunities of any country's farming systems, and it can be used to define and prioritize practical adaptation options.
format Publications & Research :: Publication
author Sutton, William R.
Srivastava, Jitendra P.
Neumann, James E.
author_facet Sutton, William R.
Srivastava, Jitendra P.
Neumann, James E.
author_sort Sutton, William R.
title Looking Beyond the Horizon : How Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation Responses Will Reshape Agriculture in Eastern Europe and Central Asia
title_short Looking Beyond the Horizon : How Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation Responses Will Reshape Agriculture in Eastern Europe and Central Asia
title_full Looking Beyond the Horizon : How Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation Responses Will Reshape Agriculture in Eastern Europe and Central Asia
title_fullStr Looking Beyond the Horizon : How Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation Responses Will Reshape Agriculture in Eastern Europe and Central Asia
title_full_unstemmed Looking Beyond the Horizon : How Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation Responses Will Reshape Agriculture in Eastern Europe and Central Asia
title_sort looking beyond the horizon : how climate change impacts and adaptation responses will reshape agriculture in eastern europe and central asia
publisher Washington, DC: World Bank
publishDate 2013
url http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2013/03/17473996/looking-beyond-horizon-climate-change-impacts-adaptation-responses-reshape-agriculture-eastern-europe-central-asia
http://hdl.handle.net/10986/13119
_version_ 1764422538755047424
spelling okr-10986-131192021-04-23T14:03:06Z Looking Beyond the Horizon : How Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation Responses Will Reshape Agriculture in Eastern Europe and Central Asia Sutton, William R. Srivastava, Jitendra P. Neumann, James E. ACCESS TO CREDIT AGRIBUSINESS AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT AGRICULTURAL ECONOMY AGRICULTURAL EXPERTS AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION AGRICULTURAL INNOVATION AGRICULTURAL KNOWLEDGE AGRICULTURAL LAND AGRICULTURAL MARKETS AGRICULTURAL POLICIES AGRICULTURAL POLICY AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES AGRICULTURAL PRICE AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY RESEARCH AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH INSTITUTES AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS AGRICULTURAL SECTORS AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGIES AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER AGRICULTURAL YIELDS AGRICULTURE AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION AGRONOMIC PRACTICE AGRONOMIC PRACTICES AGRONOMISTS ALTERNATIVE ENERGY ANIMALS ANNUAL PRECIPITATION AQUACULTURE BIODIVERSITY BIOGAS CAPACITY BUILDING CARBON CARBON ACCUMULATION CARBON DIOXIDE CARBON DIOXIDE CONCENTRATIONS CATTLE CEREAL CROPS CEREALS CGIAR CIMMYT CLIMATE CLIMATE CHANGE CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS CLIMATE CHANGE SCENARIO CLIMATE CHANGE SCENARIOS CLIMATE HAZARDS CLIMATE IMPACT CLIMATE POLICY CLIMATE RISK CLIMATE SCENARIO CLIMATE SCENARIOS CLIMATE VARIABILITY CLIMATES CLIMATIC CHANGES CO2 COLORS COMBUSTION CONSULTATIVE GROUP ON INTERNATIONAL AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH COST ANALYSIS COTTON CROP CROP AREAS CROP DAMAGE CROP INSURANCE CROP MANAGEMENT CROP PRODUCTION CROP TYPES CROP VARIETIES CROP YIELD CROP YIELDS CROPPING CROPS DEGREE DAYS DISEASES DROUGHT ECOLOGICAL ZONES ECONOMICS OF ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE EFFECT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ELECTRICITY EMISSIONS SCENARIOS ENERGY SOURCES EROSION CONTROL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION EXTREME WEATHER EXTREME WEATHER EVENTS FAO FARMERS FARMING FARMING SYSTEMS FARMLAND FARMS FERTILIZATION FISHERIES FLOODS FOOD DEMAND FOOD PRICES FOOD PRODUCTION FOOD SECURITY FORAGE CROPS FORD FOUNDATION FOREST FOREST FIRES FORESTRY FORESTS FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE FRUITS GCM GHG GIS GLOBAL CLIMATE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT FACILITY GREEN REVOLUTION GREENHOUSE GREENHOUSE GAS GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS REDUCTION GREENHOUSE GAS MITIGATION GREENHOUSE GASES HAIL ICARDA IFPRI IMPACT ASSESSMENT IMPACT OF CLIMATE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE IMPLICATIONS OF CLIMATE CHANGE INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENTS INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH IN THE DRY AREAS INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE IPCC IRRIGATION IRRIGATION SYSTEMS LAND USE LIVESTOCK LIVESTOCK FEED LIVESTOCK OPERATIONS LIVESTOCK PRODUCTS MAIZE METEOROLOGICAL DATA METHANE METHANE EMISSIONS MOISTURE INDEX NATURAL RESOURCES NITROUS OXIDE ORCHARDS PESTS PET PLANT BREEDING PLANT GROWTH PLANT PRODUCTION POTATOES POULTRY POVERTY ALLEVIATION POVERTY REDUCTION POWER SUPPLY PRECIPITATION QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS RADIATION RAIN RAINFALL RESEARCH CENTERS RESILIENCE TO CLIMATE CHANGE RISKS OF CLIMATE CHANGE RIVER BASINS ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION ROOTS RURAL DEVELOPMENT RURAL ECONOMIES RURAL POPULATION SCIENTISTS SEASONAL RAINFALL SEED VARIETIES SEEDS SHEEP SOIL DEGRADATION SOIL EROSION SOIL MOISTURE SOIL TYPE SOILS SOYBEANS STORMS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER TEMPERATURE TEMPERATURE CHANGE TEMPERATURES TREES UNDP UNEP UNITED NATIONS UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME UNITED STATES AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT USAID VEGETABLE CROP VEGETABLE PRODUCTION VEGETABLES VULNERABILITY TO CLIMATE CHANGE WATER QUALITY WATER RESOURCES WATER USE EFFICIENCY WATERSHED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT WEATHER EXTREMES WEATHER PATTERNS WHEAT WIND WIND EROSION WINTER WHEAT This volume presents a synthesis of the multi-country collaborative program of analytical and advisory activities titled reducing vulnerability to climate change in European and Central Asian (ECA) agricultural systems. Climate change and its impacts on agricultural systems and rural economies are already evident throughout the ECA region. Adaptation measures now in use in the region-largely piecemeal efforts-would be insufficient to prevent impacts on agricultural production over the coming decades. Interest is growing among governments and many of their development partners to gain a better understanding of the exposure, sensitivities, and impacts of climate change at the farm level, and to develop and prioritize adaptation measures to build resilience to the potentially adverse consequences. Agricultural production is inextricably tied to climate, making agriculture one of the most climate-sensitive of all economic sectors. In many countries, such as the four examined in this work, the risks of climate change for the agricultural sector are a particularly immediate and important problem because the majority of the rural population depends either directly or indirectly on agriculture for their livelihoods. The risks of climate change cannot be effectively dealt with and the opportunities cannot be effectively exploited without a clear plan for aligning agricultural policies with climate change, for developing key agricultural institution capabilities, and for making needed infrastructure and on-farm investments. However, an important advantage of the innovative approach developed for this assessment is that it can be applied to gauge the climate change risks and opportunities of any country's farming systems, and it can be used to define and prioritize practical adaptation options. 2013-04-10T15:23:53Z 2013-04-10T15:23:53Z 2013-03-22 http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2013/03/17473996/looking-beyond-horizon-climate-change-impacts-adaptation-responses-reshape-agriculture-eastern-europe-central-asia 978-0-8213-9768-8 DOI (print): 10.1596/978-0-8213-9768-8 http://hdl.handle.net/10986/13119 English en_US Directions in development : agriculture and rural development; CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo World Bank Washington, DC: World Bank Publications & Research :: Publication Publications & Research :: Publication Europe and Central Asia Europe and Central Asia Eastern Europe