Green Cities : Cities and Climate Change in Brazil
Urban sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in Brazilian cities are growing. At the national level, the dominance of greenhouse gas emissions from deforestation in Brazil masks the fact that emissions from other sectors, like Energy, Transport...
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| Format: | Other Urban Study |
| Language: | English en_US |
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Washington, DC
2013
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2011/05/16429605/green-cities-cities-climate-change-brazil http://hdl.handle.net/10986/12785 |
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okr-10986-12785 |
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| recordtype |
oai_dc |
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Digital Repository |
| institution_category |
Foreign Institution |
| institution |
Digital Repositories |
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World Bank Open Knowledge Repository |
| collection |
World Bank |
| language |
English en_US |
| topic |
ABSORPTION ACCESSIBILITY AIR AIR CONDITIONING AIR POLLUTION AIR TEMPERATURE AIR TRANSPORT ALTITUDE AMAZON RAINFOREST ANAEROBIC DIGESTION ARTERIES ASH ATLANTIC RAINFOREST ATMOSPHERE AUTOMOBILE AUTOMOBILE USE BASES BICYCLE LANES BICYCLE PATHS BIOGAS BIOMASS BIOMASS ENERGY BUS BUS SYSTEM BUSES BUSINESS AS USUAL SCENARIO CALCULATION CAPITAL INVESTMENTS CAR CAR DEPENDENCY CAR USAGE CARBON CARBON CREDITS CARBON DIOXIDE CARBON EMISSIONS CARBON FINANCE CARBON MARKET CARBON SINKS CARS CELLULOSE CHEMICALS CLEAN ENERGY CLIMATE CLIMATE CHANGE CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION CO CO2 COMMUTERS COMPACT FLUORESCENT LAMPS CONGESTION CONSERVATION AREAS CULVERTS CYCLISTS DAILY TRAVEL DECREASE IN EMISSIONS DEMAND FOR TRANSPORT DIESEL DRAINAGE DRIVERS DRIVING DROUGHT DUST ELDERLY PEOPLE ELECTRIC POWER ELECTRICITY ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION ELECTRICITY GENERATION EMISSION EMISSION DATA EMISSIONS FROM DEFORESTATION EMISSIONS FROM ELECTRICITY GENERATION EMISSIONS FROM ROAD EMISSIONS FROM ROAD TRANSPORT EMISSIONS GROWTH EMISSIONS INVENTORIES EMISSIONS MITIGATION EMISSIONS PERFORMANCE EMISSIONS REDUCTION EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS EMISSIONS SCENARIO ENERGY CONSULTANT ENERGY CONSUMPTION ENERGY EFFICIENCY ENERGY PRODUCTION ENERGY SOURCES ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION ETHANOL EVAPORATION EXCHANGE RATE FARE COLLECTION FARES FATS FINANCIAL INCENTIVES FLEETS FLOODS FOREST SERVICE FORESTRY FOSSIL FUEL FOSSIL FUELS FUEL CONSUMPTION FUEL SWITCHING FUEL TYPE GAS FLARING GASOLINE GENERATION CAPACITY GHG GHGS GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE GLOBAL GREENHOUSE GAS GLOBAL WARMING GREENHOUSE GREENHOUSE GAS GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS GREENHOUSE GASES HEAT PRODUCTION HEATING SYSTEMS HISTORICAL EMISSIONS IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS ON EMISSIONS INCANDESCENT BULBS INCOME INDUSTRIAL EMISSIONS INTENSE STORMS IPCC IRON JOBS LAND USE LAND-USE CHANGE LANDFILL LANDFILL GAS LANDFILLS LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS LIQUID WASTE LOCAL AIR QUALITY LOW-CARBON MERCURY METALS METHANE METHANE GAS METRO USE MOBILITY MODAL SHARES MODAL SHIFT MODAL SPLIT MODE OF TRANSPORT MOISTURE CONTENT NATIONAL EMISSIONS NATURAL GAS NEIGHBORHOODS NOISE NONMOTORIZED TRANSPORT OILS OPEN DUMPS ORGANIC WASTE OXYGEN PARTICULATE PASSENGERS PEAK DEMAND PEDESTRIAN PEDESTRIAN CROSSINGS PEDESTRIAN PATHS PEDESTRIANS PETROLEUM GAS POLLUTION POPULATION DENSITY POPULATION GROWTH PORT FACILITIES POWER PLANTS PRECIPITATION PRIVATE VEHICLES PUBLIC PARKING PUBLIC TRANSIT PUBLIC TRANSPORT PUBLIC TRANSPORT SERVICES PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION RAIL RAIN RAINFALL RAINWATER RAPID TRANSIT RENEWABLE ENERGY RETROFITTING RISK MANAGEMENT ROAD ROAD PRICING ROAD TRANSPORT ROADS ROUTES SAFETY SANITARY LANDFILLS SANITATION SMOKE SODIUM SPRAWL SPRAWL INDEX STORMS STREETS SUBURBS SUBWAY SUBWAY SYSTEM SURFACE AIR TEMPERATURE SURFACE TEMPERATURE TAX TOTAL EMISSIONS TRAFFIC TRAFFIC CALMING TRAFFIC CALMING MEASURES TRAFFIC CONGESTION TRAFFIC SIGNALS TRANSIT CORRIDORS TRANSIT SERVICES TRANSIT SYSTEM TRANSPORT TRANSPORT ACTIVITY TRANSPORT DEMAND TRANSPORT EFFICIENCY TRANSPORT EMISSIONS TRANSPORT INDUSTRY TRANSPORT PLAN TRANSPORT SECTOR TRANSPORT SECTOR EMISSIONS TRANSPORT SYSTEMS TRANSPORT TECHNOLOGIES TRANSPORTATION TRANSPORTATION CHOICES TRANSPORTATION SUBSIDIES TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS TRAVEL DISTANCES TRAVEL TIME TRIPS TRUCKS URBAN FORESTRY URBAN PLANNERS URBAN TRANSPORT URBAN TRANSPORT SYSTEMS URBANISM VEGETATIVE COVER VEHICLE VEHICLE OWNERSHIP VEHICLE TRAVEL VEHICLES VEHICULAR TRAFFIC WALKING WALKING DISTANCE WATER TREATMENT WEALTH WEATHER PATTERNS WHEELCHAIR LIFTS |
| spellingShingle |
ABSORPTION ACCESSIBILITY AIR AIR CONDITIONING AIR POLLUTION AIR TEMPERATURE AIR TRANSPORT ALTITUDE AMAZON RAINFOREST ANAEROBIC DIGESTION ARTERIES ASH ATLANTIC RAINFOREST ATMOSPHERE AUTOMOBILE AUTOMOBILE USE BASES BICYCLE LANES BICYCLE PATHS BIOGAS BIOMASS BIOMASS ENERGY BUS BUS SYSTEM BUSES BUSINESS AS USUAL SCENARIO CALCULATION CAPITAL INVESTMENTS CAR CAR DEPENDENCY CAR USAGE CARBON CARBON CREDITS CARBON DIOXIDE CARBON EMISSIONS CARBON FINANCE CARBON MARKET CARBON SINKS CARS CELLULOSE CHEMICALS CLEAN ENERGY CLIMATE CLIMATE CHANGE CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION CO CO2 COMMUTERS COMPACT FLUORESCENT LAMPS CONGESTION CONSERVATION AREAS CULVERTS CYCLISTS DAILY TRAVEL DECREASE IN EMISSIONS DEMAND FOR TRANSPORT DIESEL DRAINAGE DRIVERS DRIVING DROUGHT DUST ELDERLY PEOPLE ELECTRIC POWER ELECTRICITY ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION ELECTRICITY GENERATION EMISSION EMISSION DATA EMISSIONS FROM DEFORESTATION EMISSIONS FROM ELECTRICITY GENERATION EMISSIONS FROM ROAD EMISSIONS FROM ROAD TRANSPORT EMISSIONS GROWTH EMISSIONS INVENTORIES EMISSIONS MITIGATION EMISSIONS PERFORMANCE EMISSIONS REDUCTION EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS EMISSIONS SCENARIO ENERGY CONSULTANT ENERGY CONSUMPTION ENERGY EFFICIENCY ENERGY PRODUCTION ENERGY SOURCES ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION ETHANOL EVAPORATION EXCHANGE RATE FARE COLLECTION FARES FATS FINANCIAL INCENTIVES FLEETS FLOODS FOREST SERVICE FORESTRY FOSSIL FUEL FOSSIL FUELS FUEL CONSUMPTION FUEL SWITCHING FUEL TYPE GAS FLARING GASOLINE GENERATION CAPACITY GHG GHGS GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE GLOBAL GREENHOUSE GAS GLOBAL WARMING GREENHOUSE GREENHOUSE GAS GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS GREENHOUSE GASES HEAT PRODUCTION HEATING SYSTEMS HISTORICAL EMISSIONS IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS ON EMISSIONS INCANDESCENT BULBS INCOME INDUSTRIAL EMISSIONS INTENSE STORMS IPCC IRON JOBS LAND USE LAND-USE CHANGE LANDFILL LANDFILL GAS LANDFILLS LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS LIQUID WASTE LOCAL AIR QUALITY LOW-CARBON MERCURY METALS METHANE METHANE GAS METRO USE MOBILITY MODAL SHARES MODAL SHIFT MODAL SPLIT MODE OF TRANSPORT MOISTURE CONTENT NATIONAL EMISSIONS NATURAL GAS NEIGHBORHOODS NOISE NONMOTORIZED TRANSPORT OILS OPEN DUMPS ORGANIC WASTE OXYGEN PARTICULATE PASSENGERS PEAK DEMAND PEDESTRIAN PEDESTRIAN CROSSINGS PEDESTRIAN PATHS PEDESTRIANS PETROLEUM GAS POLLUTION POPULATION DENSITY POPULATION GROWTH PORT FACILITIES POWER PLANTS PRECIPITATION PRIVATE VEHICLES PUBLIC PARKING PUBLIC TRANSIT PUBLIC TRANSPORT PUBLIC TRANSPORT SERVICES PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION RAIL RAIN RAINFALL RAINWATER RAPID TRANSIT RENEWABLE ENERGY RETROFITTING RISK MANAGEMENT ROAD ROAD PRICING ROAD TRANSPORT ROADS ROUTES SAFETY SANITARY LANDFILLS SANITATION SMOKE SODIUM SPRAWL SPRAWL INDEX STORMS STREETS SUBURBS SUBWAY SUBWAY SYSTEM SURFACE AIR TEMPERATURE SURFACE TEMPERATURE TAX TOTAL EMISSIONS TRAFFIC TRAFFIC CALMING TRAFFIC CALMING MEASURES TRAFFIC CONGESTION TRAFFIC SIGNALS TRANSIT CORRIDORS TRANSIT SERVICES TRANSIT SYSTEM TRANSPORT TRANSPORT ACTIVITY TRANSPORT DEMAND TRANSPORT EFFICIENCY TRANSPORT EMISSIONS TRANSPORT INDUSTRY TRANSPORT PLAN TRANSPORT SECTOR TRANSPORT SECTOR EMISSIONS TRANSPORT SYSTEMS TRANSPORT TECHNOLOGIES TRANSPORTATION TRANSPORTATION CHOICES TRANSPORTATION SUBSIDIES TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS TRAVEL DISTANCES TRAVEL TIME TRIPS TRUCKS URBAN FORESTRY URBAN PLANNERS URBAN TRANSPORT URBAN TRANSPORT SYSTEMS URBANISM VEGETATIVE COVER VEHICLE VEHICLE OWNERSHIP VEHICLE TRAVEL VEHICLES VEHICULAR TRAFFIC WALKING WALKING DISTANCE WATER TREATMENT WEALTH WEATHER PATTERNS WHEELCHAIR LIFTS World Bank Green Cities : Cities and Climate Change in Brazil |
| geographic_facet |
Latin America & Caribbean Brazil |
| description |
Urban sources of greenhouse gas (GHG)
emissions in Brazilian cities are growing. At the national
level, the dominance of greenhouse gas emissions from
deforestation in Brazil masks the fact that emissions from
other sectors, like Energy, Transport and Waste, are growing
quite rapidly in cities. Compared to other cities around the
world, Brazilian cities have low per capita GHG emissions
because of the high level of renewable energy production;
but as Brazilian cities continue to grow, the pressure
towards higher emissions will persist. The majority of
emissions from Energy in Brazil result from the use of
fossil fuels and electric power by industry. Industrial
processes using fossil fuels will continue to be the largest
contributor to emissions growth over the long-term, but
electricity generation will produce the highest emissions
increase in the period up to 2030. For the past three
decades, the trend has been for industries to move away from
city centers to peripheral locations that are cheaper and
have easier access to distribution networks. However, all
the GHG emissions inventories completed to date by Brazilian
cities are limited to municipal boundaries, making it
difficult to assess the role of industrial emissions at the
metropolitan level. One clear trend within city boundaries
is that residential consumption of electricity is
increasing. As households become wealthier, the size of
housing units tend to get larger and the number of domestic
appliances increase and residential consumption of
electricity is expected to grow drastically in the next two
decades.Transport emissions are rapidly growing, especially
in urban areas. Fossil fuel based emissions in Brazil are
low compared to other countries due to the prominence of
renewable-energy sources for electricity and fuels. In fact,
ethanol substitutes for two-fifths of gasoline fuel.
However, transport-sector emissions are rapidly growing due
to increased motorization and congestion. This is coupled
with a tendency for smaller agglomerations to grow in a
sprawling manner, which is directly impacting the growth of
GHG emissions, since the amount of vehicle travel is linked
to urban form, i.e. the location of housing, jobs, commerce
and entertainment.A distinguishing characteristic
of Brazilian cities is the high percentage of emissions from
waste. The waste sector constitutes about 4 percent of GHG
emissions on average in cities.1 A key driver of waste
emissions is the amount of waste produced and collected. In
Brazil the amount of waste collected has increased by about
4 percent per year since 1970. The amount of solid waste
collected in urban areas is expected to continue increasing
in the next two decades due to increased generation of waste
and improvements in the collection system. This will likely
result in an even higher share of GHG emissions for the
overall sector.Climate change impacts are
widespread. Climate impacts from global warming in major
Brazilian cities have been identified and include flooding
from intense storms, increased temperatures, and droughts.
Sea level rise is also identified as a concern for Brazil
because 25 percent of Brazil s population lives in coastal
cities. Brazilian cities are taking action against climate
change. In response to concerns about global climate change,
Brazilian cities have been world leaders in defining GHG
emissions reduction targets and adopted local climate change
laws. Some cities have completed GHG inventories,
established reduction targets, and taken measures to
mitigate emissions. |
| format |
Economic & Sector Work :: Other Urban Study |
| author |
World Bank |
| author_facet |
World Bank |
| author_sort |
World Bank |
| title |
Green Cities : Cities and Climate Change in Brazil |
| title_short |
Green Cities : Cities and Climate Change in Brazil |
| title_full |
Green Cities : Cities and Climate Change in Brazil |
| title_fullStr |
Green Cities : Cities and Climate Change in Brazil |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Green Cities : Cities and Climate Change in Brazil |
| title_sort |
green cities : cities and climate change in brazil |
| publisher |
Washington, DC |
| publishDate |
2013 |
| url |
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2011/05/16429605/green-cities-cities-climate-change-brazil http://hdl.handle.net/10986/12785 |
| _version_ |
1764421373551181824 |
| spelling |
okr-10986-127852021-04-23T14:03:04Z Green Cities : Cities and Climate Change in Brazil World Bank ABSORPTION ACCESSIBILITY AIR AIR CONDITIONING AIR POLLUTION AIR TEMPERATURE AIR TRANSPORT ALTITUDE AMAZON RAINFOREST ANAEROBIC DIGESTION ARTERIES ASH ATLANTIC RAINFOREST ATMOSPHERE AUTOMOBILE AUTOMOBILE USE BASES BICYCLE LANES BICYCLE PATHS BIOGAS BIOMASS BIOMASS ENERGY BUS BUS SYSTEM BUSES BUSINESS AS USUAL SCENARIO CALCULATION CAPITAL INVESTMENTS CAR CAR DEPENDENCY CAR USAGE CARBON CARBON CREDITS CARBON DIOXIDE CARBON EMISSIONS CARBON FINANCE CARBON MARKET CARBON SINKS CARS CELLULOSE CHEMICALS CLEAN ENERGY CLIMATE CLIMATE CHANGE CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION CO CO2 COMMUTERS COMPACT FLUORESCENT LAMPS CONGESTION CONSERVATION AREAS CULVERTS CYCLISTS DAILY TRAVEL DECREASE IN EMISSIONS DEMAND FOR TRANSPORT DIESEL DRAINAGE DRIVERS DRIVING DROUGHT DUST ELDERLY PEOPLE ELECTRIC POWER ELECTRICITY ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION ELECTRICITY GENERATION EMISSION EMISSION DATA EMISSIONS FROM DEFORESTATION EMISSIONS FROM ELECTRICITY GENERATION EMISSIONS FROM ROAD EMISSIONS FROM ROAD TRANSPORT EMISSIONS GROWTH EMISSIONS INVENTORIES EMISSIONS MITIGATION EMISSIONS PERFORMANCE EMISSIONS REDUCTION EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS EMISSIONS SCENARIO ENERGY CONSULTANT ENERGY CONSUMPTION ENERGY EFFICIENCY ENERGY PRODUCTION ENERGY SOURCES ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION ETHANOL EVAPORATION EXCHANGE RATE FARE COLLECTION FARES FATS FINANCIAL INCENTIVES FLEETS FLOODS FOREST SERVICE FORESTRY FOSSIL FUEL FOSSIL FUELS FUEL CONSUMPTION FUEL SWITCHING FUEL TYPE GAS FLARING GASOLINE GENERATION CAPACITY GHG GHGS GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE GLOBAL GREENHOUSE GAS GLOBAL WARMING GREENHOUSE GREENHOUSE GAS GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS GREENHOUSE GASES HEAT PRODUCTION HEATING SYSTEMS HISTORICAL EMISSIONS IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS ON EMISSIONS INCANDESCENT BULBS INCOME INDUSTRIAL EMISSIONS INTENSE STORMS IPCC IRON JOBS LAND USE LAND-USE CHANGE LANDFILL LANDFILL GAS LANDFILLS LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS LIQUID WASTE LOCAL AIR QUALITY LOW-CARBON MERCURY METALS METHANE METHANE GAS METRO USE MOBILITY MODAL SHARES MODAL SHIFT MODAL SPLIT MODE OF TRANSPORT MOISTURE CONTENT NATIONAL EMISSIONS NATURAL GAS NEIGHBORHOODS NOISE NONMOTORIZED TRANSPORT OILS OPEN DUMPS ORGANIC WASTE OXYGEN PARTICULATE PASSENGERS PEAK DEMAND PEDESTRIAN PEDESTRIAN CROSSINGS PEDESTRIAN PATHS PEDESTRIANS PETROLEUM GAS POLLUTION POPULATION DENSITY POPULATION GROWTH PORT FACILITIES POWER PLANTS PRECIPITATION PRIVATE VEHICLES PUBLIC PARKING PUBLIC TRANSIT PUBLIC TRANSPORT PUBLIC TRANSPORT SERVICES PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION RAIL RAIN RAINFALL RAINWATER RAPID TRANSIT RENEWABLE ENERGY RETROFITTING RISK MANAGEMENT ROAD ROAD PRICING ROAD TRANSPORT ROADS ROUTES SAFETY SANITARY LANDFILLS SANITATION SMOKE SODIUM SPRAWL SPRAWL INDEX STORMS STREETS SUBURBS SUBWAY SUBWAY SYSTEM SURFACE AIR TEMPERATURE SURFACE TEMPERATURE TAX TOTAL EMISSIONS TRAFFIC TRAFFIC CALMING TRAFFIC CALMING MEASURES TRAFFIC CONGESTION TRAFFIC SIGNALS TRANSIT CORRIDORS TRANSIT SERVICES TRANSIT SYSTEM TRANSPORT TRANSPORT ACTIVITY TRANSPORT DEMAND TRANSPORT EFFICIENCY TRANSPORT EMISSIONS TRANSPORT INDUSTRY TRANSPORT PLAN TRANSPORT SECTOR TRANSPORT SECTOR EMISSIONS TRANSPORT SYSTEMS TRANSPORT TECHNOLOGIES TRANSPORTATION TRANSPORTATION CHOICES TRANSPORTATION SUBSIDIES TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS TRAVEL DISTANCES TRAVEL TIME TRIPS TRUCKS URBAN FORESTRY URBAN PLANNERS URBAN TRANSPORT URBAN TRANSPORT SYSTEMS URBANISM VEGETATIVE COVER VEHICLE VEHICLE OWNERSHIP VEHICLE TRAVEL VEHICLES VEHICULAR TRAFFIC WALKING WALKING DISTANCE WATER TREATMENT WEALTH WEATHER PATTERNS WHEELCHAIR LIFTS Urban sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in Brazilian cities are growing. At the national level, the dominance of greenhouse gas emissions from deforestation in Brazil masks the fact that emissions from other sectors, like Energy, Transport and Waste, are growing quite rapidly in cities. Compared to other cities around the world, Brazilian cities have low per capita GHG emissions because of the high level of renewable energy production; but as Brazilian cities continue to grow, the pressure towards higher emissions will persist. The majority of emissions from Energy in Brazil result from the use of fossil fuels and electric power by industry. Industrial processes using fossil fuels will continue to be the largest contributor to emissions growth over the long-term, but electricity generation will produce the highest emissions increase in the period up to 2030. For the past three decades, the trend has been for industries to move away from city centers to peripheral locations that are cheaper and have easier access to distribution networks. However, all the GHG emissions inventories completed to date by Brazilian cities are limited to municipal boundaries, making it difficult to assess the role of industrial emissions at the metropolitan level. One clear trend within city boundaries is that residential consumption of electricity is increasing. As households become wealthier, the size of housing units tend to get larger and the number of domestic appliances increase and residential consumption of electricity is expected to grow drastically in the next two decades.Transport emissions are rapidly growing, especially in urban areas. Fossil fuel based emissions in Brazil are low compared to other countries due to the prominence of renewable-energy sources for electricity and fuels. In fact, ethanol substitutes for two-fifths of gasoline fuel. However, transport-sector emissions are rapidly growing due to increased motorization and congestion. This is coupled with a tendency for smaller agglomerations to grow in a sprawling manner, which is directly impacting the growth of GHG emissions, since the amount of vehicle travel is linked to urban form, i.e. the location of housing, jobs, commerce and entertainment.A distinguishing characteristic of Brazilian cities is the high percentage of emissions from waste. The waste sector constitutes about 4 percent of GHG emissions on average in cities.1 A key driver of waste emissions is the amount of waste produced and collected. In Brazil the amount of waste collected has increased by about 4 percent per year since 1970. The amount of solid waste collected in urban areas is expected to continue increasing in the next two decades due to increased generation of waste and improvements in the collection system. This will likely result in an even higher share of GHG emissions for the overall sector.Climate change impacts are widespread. Climate impacts from global warming in major Brazilian cities have been identified and include flooding from intense storms, increased temperatures, and droughts. Sea level rise is also identified as a concern for Brazil because 25 percent of Brazil s population lives in coastal cities. Brazilian cities are taking action against climate change. In response to concerns about global climate change, Brazilian cities have been world leaders in defining GHG emissions reduction targets and adopted local climate change laws. Some cities have completed GHG inventories, established reduction targets, and taken measures to mitigate emissions. 2013-03-15T18:33:26Z 2013-03-15T18:33:26Z 2011-05-01 http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2011/05/16429605/green-cities-cities-climate-change-brazil http://hdl.handle.net/10986/12785 English en_US CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/ World Bank Washington, DC Economic & Sector Work :: Other Urban Study Economic & Sector Work Latin America & Caribbean Brazil |