Farm Mechanization : A New Challenge for Agriculture in Low and Middle Income Countries of Europe and Central Asia

This report shows that trends in farm mechanization are attributable to differing approaches to reform and differing agricultural resource endowments. The level of reform determines the pattern and extent to which labor and capital change, with lan...

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Main Author:	World Bank
Format:	Other Agricultural Study
Language:	English en_US
Published:	Washington, DC 2013
Subjects:	ACCELERATED DEPRECIATION AGRICULTURAL CENSUS AGRICULTURAL LABOR FORCE AGRICULTURAL POLICIES AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION AGRICULTURAL RESOURCE AGRICULTURAL WORKERS AGRICULTURE ARABLE LAND BANKING SECTOR BUDGET CONSTRAINTS CAPITAL INTENSIVE PRODUCTION CAPITAL INVESTMENT CARBON CLIMATE CHANGE COMMERCIAL CREDIT COMMERCIAL FARMING COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS COMPETITION POLICY COMPETITIVENESS CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK CONTRACT ENFORCEMENT COST OF CAPITAL CROP CROPS CULTIVATION SYSTEMS ECONOMETRICS ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE ECONOMIC RECOVERY ECONOMIC REFORM ECONOMIC STABILITY ECONOMIES OF SCALE ELASTICITIES EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS EMPLOYMENT EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTS EXCHANGE RATES FACTOR MARKETS FAMILY LABOR FARM FARM LABOR FARM MECHANIZATION FARM OWNERSHIP FARM WORKER FARM WORKERS FARMER FARMERS FARMING FARMS FINANCIAL DEEPENING FINANCIAL LEASING FINANCIAL MARKETS FINANCIAL SECTOR FINANCIAL SERVICES FINANCIAL SYSTEMS FIXED COSTS FOOD PRODUCTION FOREIGN EXCHANGE GDP GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT HIGH WAGES INCOME INNOVATION INPUT PRICES INSURANCE LABOR COSTS LABOR FORCE LABOR ORGANIZATION LABOR PRODUCTIVITY LABOR SUPPLY LAND RESOURCES LAND USE LEGISLATION LOW INTEREST RATES MARKET LIBERALIZATION MARKET PRICES MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRIES MIGRATION MONETARY POLICY NOMINAL INTEREST RATE NOMINAL INTEREST RATES OPERATING COSTS PARTIAL PRIVATIZATION PLANTING POLICY ENVIRONMENT PRICE CONTROLS PRIVATIZATION PRODUCT MARKETS PRODUCTION FUNCTION PROFIT SHARING QUOTAS REAL INTEREST RATES REAL WAGES REGRESSION ANALYSIS RURAL LABOR SAFETY SAFETY NET SAVINGS SMALL FARMS SOCIAL COSTS SOCIAL SAFETY NETS STATE INTERVENTION STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT SUBSIDIARY SUSTAINABLE GROWTH TAX RATES TAXATION TRADE POLICY TRANSPORT VALUE ADDED WAGE RATES WAGES
Online Access:	http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2010/01/16279367/europe-central-asia-farm-mechanization-new-challenge-agriculture-low-middle-income-countries-europe-central-asia http://hdl.handle.net/10986/12505

id	okr-10986-12505
recordtype	oai_dc
spelling	okr-10986-125052021-04-23T14:03:01Z Farm Mechanization : A New Challenge for Agriculture in Low and Middle Income Countries of Europe and Central Asia World Bank ACCELERATED DEPRECIATION AGRICULTURAL CENSUS AGRICULTURAL LABOR FORCE AGRICULTURAL POLICIES AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION AGRICULTURAL RESOURCE AGRICULTURAL WORKERS AGRICULTURE ARABLE LAND BANKING SECTOR BUDGET CONSTRAINTS CAPITAL INTENSIVE PRODUCTION CAPITAL INVESTMENT CARBON CLIMATE CHANGE COMMERCIAL CREDIT COMMERCIAL FARMING COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS COMPETITION POLICY COMPETITIVENESS CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK CONTRACT ENFORCEMENT COST OF CAPITAL CROP CROPS CULTIVATION SYSTEMS ECONOMETRICS ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE ECONOMIC RECOVERY ECONOMIC REFORM ECONOMIC STABILITY ECONOMIES OF SCALE ELASTICITIES EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS EMPLOYMENT EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTS EXCHANGE RATES FACTOR MARKETS FAMILY LABOR FARM FARM LABOR FARM MECHANIZATION FARM OWNERSHIP FARM WORKER FARM WORKERS FARMER FARMERS FARMING FARMS FINANCIAL DEEPENING FINANCIAL LEASING FINANCIAL MARKETS FINANCIAL SECTOR FINANCIAL SERVICES FINANCIAL SYSTEMS FIXED COSTS FOOD PRODUCTION FOREIGN EXCHANGE GDP GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT HIGH WAGES INCOME INNOVATION INPUT PRICES INSURANCE LABOR COSTS LABOR FORCE LABOR ORGANIZATION LABOR PRODUCTIVITY LABOR SUPPLY LAND RESOURCES LAND USE LEGISLATION LOW INTEREST RATES MARKET LIBERALIZATION MARKET PRICES MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRIES MIGRATION MONETARY POLICY NOMINAL INTEREST RATE NOMINAL INTEREST RATES OPERATING COSTS PARTIAL PRIVATIZATION PLANTING POLICY ENVIRONMENT PRICE CONTROLS PRIVATIZATION PRODUCT MARKETS PRODUCTION FUNCTION PROFIT SHARING QUOTAS REAL INTEREST RATES REAL WAGES REGRESSION ANALYSIS RURAL LABOR SAFETY SAFETY NET SAVINGS SMALL FARMS SOCIAL COSTS SOCIAL SAFETY NETS STATE INTERVENTION STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT SUBSIDIARY SUSTAINABLE GROWTH TAX RATES TAXATION TRADE POLICY TRANSPORT VALUE ADDED WAGE RATES WAGES This report shows that trends in farm mechanization are attributable to differing approaches to reform and differing agricultural resource endowments. The level of reform determines the pattern and extent to which labor and capital change, with land reform and commodity market liberalization as the underlying forces for change. These reforms substantially raise the incentives to invest as a means to increase productivity and incomes. In countries where this initial threshold of reform has not been attained agricultural incomes grow more slowly and there is less incentive to invest. Where the incentives to invest are high a second round of reform is necessary to facilitate investment reforms which deepen and strengthen financial markets and improve the business environment. 2013-02-26T18:30:27Z 2013-02-26T18:30:27Z 2010-01 http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2010/01/16279367/europe-central-asia-farm-mechanization-new-challenge-agriculture-low-middle-income-countries-europe-central-asia http://hdl.handle.net/10986/12505 English en_US CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/ World Bank Washington, DC Economic & Sector Work :: Other Agricultural Study Economic & Sector Work Europe and Central Asia
repository_type	Digital Repository
institution_category	Foreign Institution
institution	Digital Repositories
building	World Bank Open Knowledge Repository
collection	World Bank
language	English en_US
topic	ACCELERATED DEPRECIATION AGRICULTURAL CENSUS AGRICULTURAL LABOR FORCE AGRICULTURAL POLICIES AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION AGRICULTURAL RESOURCE AGRICULTURAL WORKERS AGRICULTURE ARABLE LAND BANKING SECTOR BUDGET CONSTRAINTS CAPITAL INTENSIVE PRODUCTION CAPITAL INVESTMENT CARBON CLIMATE CHANGE COMMERCIAL CREDIT COMMERCIAL FARMING COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS COMPETITION POLICY COMPETITIVENESS CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK CONTRACT ENFORCEMENT COST OF CAPITAL CROP CROPS CULTIVATION SYSTEMS ECONOMETRICS ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE ECONOMIC RECOVERY ECONOMIC REFORM ECONOMIC STABILITY ECONOMIES OF SCALE ELASTICITIES EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS EMPLOYMENT EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTS EXCHANGE RATES FACTOR MARKETS FAMILY LABOR FARM FARM LABOR FARM MECHANIZATION FARM OWNERSHIP FARM WORKER FARM WORKERS FARMER FARMERS FARMING FARMS FINANCIAL DEEPENING FINANCIAL LEASING FINANCIAL MARKETS FINANCIAL SECTOR FINANCIAL SERVICES FINANCIAL SYSTEMS FIXED COSTS FOOD PRODUCTION FOREIGN EXCHANGE GDP GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT HIGH WAGES INCOME INNOVATION INPUT PRICES INSURANCE LABOR COSTS LABOR FORCE LABOR ORGANIZATION LABOR PRODUCTIVITY LABOR SUPPLY LAND RESOURCES LAND USE LEGISLATION LOW INTEREST RATES MARKET LIBERALIZATION MARKET PRICES MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRIES MIGRATION MONETARY POLICY NOMINAL INTEREST RATE NOMINAL INTEREST RATES OPERATING COSTS PARTIAL PRIVATIZATION PLANTING POLICY ENVIRONMENT PRICE CONTROLS PRIVATIZATION PRODUCT MARKETS PRODUCTION FUNCTION PROFIT SHARING QUOTAS REAL INTEREST RATES REAL WAGES REGRESSION ANALYSIS RURAL LABOR SAFETY SAFETY NET SAVINGS SMALL FARMS SOCIAL COSTS SOCIAL SAFETY NETS STATE INTERVENTION STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT SUBSIDIARY SUSTAINABLE GROWTH TAX RATES TAXATION TRADE POLICY TRANSPORT VALUE ADDED WAGE RATES WAGES
spellingShingle	ACCELERATED DEPRECIATION AGRICULTURAL CENSUS AGRICULTURAL LABOR FORCE AGRICULTURAL POLICIES AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION AGRICULTURAL RESOURCE AGRICULTURAL WORKERS AGRICULTURE ARABLE LAND BANKING SECTOR BUDGET CONSTRAINTS CAPITAL INTENSIVE PRODUCTION CAPITAL INVESTMENT CARBON CLIMATE CHANGE COMMERCIAL CREDIT COMMERCIAL FARMING COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS COMPETITION POLICY COMPETITIVENESS CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK CONTRACT ENFORCEMENT COST OF CAPITAL CROP CROPS CULTIVATION SYSTEMS ECONOMETRICS ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE ECONOMIC RECOVERY ECONOMIC REFORM ECONOMIC STABILITY ECONOMIES OF SCALE ELASTICITIES EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS EMPLOYMENT EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTS EXCHANGE RATES FACTOR MARKETS FAMILY LABOR FARM FARM LABOR FARM MECHANIZATION FARM OWNERSHIP FARM WORKER FARM WORKERS FARMER FARMERS FARMING FARMS FINANCIAL DEEPENING FINANCIAL LEASING FINANCIAL MARKETS FINANCIAL SECTOR FINANCIAL SERVICES FINANCIAL SYSTEMS FIXED COSTS FOOD PRODUCTION FOREIGN EXCHANGE GDP GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT HIGH WAGES INCOME INNOVATION INPUT PRICES INSURANCE LABOR COSTS LABOR FORCE LABOR ORGANIZATION LABOR PRODUCTIVITY LABOR SUPPLY LAND RESOURCES LAND USE LEGISLATION LOW INTEREST RATES MARKET LIBERALIZATION MARKET PRICES MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRIES MIGRATION MONETARY POLICY NOMINAL INTEREST RATE NOMINAL INTEREST RATES OPERATING COSTS PARTIAL PRIVATIZATION PLANTING POLICY ENVIRONMENT PRICE CONTROLS PRIVATIZATION PRODUCT MARKETS PRODUCTION FUNCTION PROFIT SHARING QUOTAS REAL INTEREST RATES REAL WAGES REGRESSION ANALYSIS RURAL LABOR SAFETY SAFETY NET SAVINGS SMALL FARMS SOCIAL COSTS SOCIAL SAFETY NETS STATE INTERVENTION STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT SUBSIDIARY SUSTAINABLE GROWTH TAX RATES TAXATION TRADE POLICY TRANSPORT VALUE ADDED WAGE RATES WAGES World Bank Farm Mechanization : A New Challenge for Agriculture in Low and Middle Income Countries of Europe and Central Asia
geographic_facet	Europe and Central Asia
description	This report shows that trends in farm mechanization are attributable to differing approaches to reform and differing agricultural resource endowments. The level of reform determines the pattern and extent to which labor and capital change, with land reform and commodity market liberalization as the underlying forces for change. These reforms substantially raise the incentives to invest as a means to increase productivity and incomes. In countries where this initial threshold of reform has not been attained agricultural incomes grow more slowly and there is less incentive to invest. Where the incentives to invest are high a second round of reform is necessary to facilitate investment reforms which deepen and strengthen financial markets and improve the business environment.
format	Economic & Sector Work :: Other Agricultural Study
author	World Bank
author_facet	World Bank
author_sort	World Bank
title	Farm Mechanization : A New Challenge for Agriculture in Low and Middle Income Countries of Europe and Central Asia
title_short	Farm Mechanization : A New Challenge for Agriculture in Low and Middle Income Countries of Europe and Central Asia
title_full	Farm Mechanization : A New Challenge for Agriculture in Low and Middle Income Countries of Europe and Central Asia
title_fullStr	Farm Mechanization : A New Challenge for Agriculture in Low and Middle Income Countries of Europe and Central Asia
title_full_unstemmed	Farm Mechanization : A New Challenge for Agriculture in Low and Middle Income Countries of Europe and Central Asia
title_sort	farm mechanization : a new challenge for agriculture in low and middle income countries of europe and central asia
publisher	Washington, DC
publishDate	2013
url	http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2010/01/16279367/europe-central-asia-farm-mechanization-new-challenge-agriculture-low-middle-income-countries-europe-central-asia http://hdl.handle.net/10986/12505
_version_	1764420072243200000

Farm Mechanization : A New Challenge for Agriculture in Low and Middle Income Countries of Europe and Central Asia

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