Does Urbanization Affect Rural Poverty? Evidence from Indian Districts
Although a high rate of urbanization and a high incidence of rural poverty are two distinct features of many developing countries, there is little knowledge of the effects of the former on the latter. Using a large sample of Indian districts from t...
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| Format: | Policy Research Working Paper |
| Language: | English en_US |
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World Bank, Washington, DC
2013
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| Online Access: | http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2013/01/17197617/urbanization-affect-rural-poverty-evidence-indian-districts http://hdl.handle.net/10986/12162 |
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okr-10986-12162 |
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| recordtype |
oai_dc |
| repository_type |
Digital Repository |
| institution_category |
Foreign Institution |
| institution |
Digital Repositories |
| building |
World Bank Open Knowledge Repository |
| collection |
World Bank |
| language |
English en_US |
| topic |
ACCESS TO MARKETS ADULT POPULATION AGRICULTURAL EMPLOYMENT AGRICULTURAL LABORERS AGRICULTURAL LAND AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS AGRICULTURAL TRADE AGRICULTURAL WAGES AGRICULTURAL WORKERS ARID TROPICS CAPACITY BUILDING CHILD LABOR CHRONIC POVERTY COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE CONSUMER PRICES CONSUMPTION DATA COVARIANCE MATRIX CREDIT MARKETS CROP PRODUCTION CULTURAL CHANGE DAILY WAGE DEMAND FOR FOOD DEPENDENT VARIABLE DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS DEVELOPED COUNTRIES DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPING COUNTRY DEVELOPING REGIONS DEVELOPING WORLD DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DEVELOPMENT POLICIES DEVELOPMENT POLICY DEVELOPMENT REPORT DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION DIVERSIFICATION ECONOMETRIC MODELS ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ECONOMIC CHANGES ECONOMIC CONDITIONS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE ECONOMIC POLICY ECONOMIC REFORMS EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE EMPIRICAL SECTION ESTIMATION METHOD EXPLANATORY VARIABLES FARM EMPLOYMENT FARMERS FIXED EFFECTS FIXED EFFECTS ESTIMATION FOOD PRODUCTS FUTURE POPULATION GLOBAL POVERTY GROWTH RATE HEADCOUNT RATIO HIGH GROWTH HOUSEHOLD COMPOSITION HOUSEHOLD SURVEY IMMIGRANT IMMIGRANTS IMMIGRATION IMPLICATIONS FOR DEVELOPMENT IMPORTANT POLICY INCIDENCE OF POVERTY INCOME INCOME INEQUALITY INDEPENDENT VARIABLE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION INDUSTRIALIZATION INSURANCE INTERNAL MIGRANTS INTERNATIONAL TRADE LABOR FORCE LABOR MARKET LABOR SUPPLY LAGGED VALUES LAND PRICES LAND PRODUCTIVITY LAND REFORM LAND SUPPLY LANDLESS HOUSEHOLDS LEVEL OF POVERTY MARGINAL RETURNS MEAN VALUE MIGRANT MIGRATION FLOWS MONETARY ECONOMICS NATIONAL COUNCIL NATIONAL LEVELS NATURAL RESOURCES NEGATIVE EFFECT NUMBER OF MIGRANTS NUMBER OF PEOPLE NUTRITION PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE POLICY DISCUSSIONS POLICY IMPLICATIONS POLICY RESEARCH POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER POLITICAL ECONOMY POOR PEOPLE POOR POPULATION POORER PEOPLE POPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT POPULATION DATA POPULATION DECREASES POPULATION DENSITY POPULATION DYNAMICS POPULATION VARIABLE POPULATION VARIABLES POVERTY CHANGE POVERTY DATA POVERTY DECLINE POVERTY DYNAMICS POVERTY ESTIMATES POVERTY GAP POVERTY GAP INDEX POVERTY IMPACT POVERTY INCIDENCE POVERTY LEVELS POVERTY LINE POVERTY LINES POVERTY MEASURE POVERTY PROFILE POVERTY RATES POVERTY REDUCING POVERTY REDUCTION POVERTY REDUCTION IMPACT PRODUCTION VOLUMES PROGRESS PUBLIC INVESTMENT PUBLIC POLICIES PULL FACTORS PUSH FACTOR PUSH FACTORS RATE OF GROWTH REDUCTION IN POVERTY REGIONAL IMPACTS REGIONAL PERSPECTIVE RELATIVE CONTRIBUTION RELATIVE IMPORTANCE REMITTANCE REMITTANCES RESOURCE CONSTRAINTS RESPECT RISK FACTORS RURAL RURAL AREA RURAL AREAS RURAL BANK RURAL BANKS RURAL CONSUMER RURAL CONSUMERS RURAL DEVELOPMENT RURAL DISTRICT RURAL ECONOMY RURAL EMPLOYMENT RURAL HOUSEHOLDS RURAL LABOR RURAL LINKAGE RURAL LINKAGES RURAL MIGRANTS RURAL MIGRATION RURAL PEOPLE RURAL POLICY RURAL POOR RURAL POPULATION RURAL POVERTY RURAL POVERTY LINE RURAL POVERTY RATE RURAL POVERTY REDUCTION RURAL ROADS RURAL SCHOOLING RURAL SECTOR RURAL VILLAGES RURAL WAGES RURAL WELFARE RURAL WORKERS SELF-EMPLOYMENT SERIAL CORRELATION SIGNIFICANT EFFECT SMALL VILLAGES SOCIAL SCIENCE SPATIAL SCALE SPILLOVER STRUCTURAL TRANSFORMATION TRADABLE SECTORS TRADE LIBERALIZATION UNEQUAL DISTRIBUTION URBAN AREAS URBAN DWELLERS URBAN GROWTH URBAN MIGRATION URBAN POOR URBAN POPULATION URBAN POPULATION DISTRIBUTION URBAN POPULATION GROWTH URBAN POPULATIONS URBAN POVERTY URBAN WORKERS URBANIZATION WATER SOURCES WELFARE IMPACT WORKFORCE WORKING POPULATION WORLD POPULATION YOUNG ADULT YOUNG ADULTS |
| spellingShingle |
ACCESS TO MARKETS ADULT POPULATION AGRICULTURAL EMPLOYMENT AGRICULTURAL LABORERS AGRICULTURAL LAND AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS AGRICULTURAL TRADE AGRICULTURAL WAGES AGRICULTURAL WORKERS ARID TROPICS CAPACITY BUILDING CHILD LABOR CHRONIC POVERTY COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE CONSUMER PRICES CONSUMPTION DATA COVARIANCE MATRIX CREDIT MARKETS CROP PRODUCTION CULTURAL CHANGE DAILY WAGE DEMAND FOR FOOD DEPENDENT VARIABLE DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS DEVELOPED COUNTRIES DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPING COUNTRY DEVELOPING REGIONS DEVELOPING WORLD DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DEVELOPMENT POLICIES DEVELOPMENT POLICY DEVELOPMENT REPORT DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION DIVERSIFICATION ECONOMETRIC MODELS ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ECONOMIC CHANGES ECONOMIC CONDITIONS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE ECONOMIC POLICY ECONOMIC REFORMS EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE EMPIRICAL SECTION ESTIMATION METHOD EXPLANATORY VARIABLES FARM EMPLOYMENT FARMERS FIXED EFFECTS FIXED EFFECTS ESTIMATION FOOD PRODUCTS FUTURE POPULATION GLOBAL POVERTY GROWTH RATE HEADCOUNT RATIO HIGH GROWTH HOUSEHOLD COMPOSITION HOUSEHOLD SURVEY IMMIGRANT IMMIGRANTS IMMIGRATION IMPLICATIONS FOR DEVELOPMENT IMPORTANT POLICY INCIDENCE OF POVERTY INCOME INCOME INEQUALITY INDEPENDENT VARIABLE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION INDUSTRIALIZATION INSURANCE INTERNAL MIGRANTS INTERNATIONAL TRADE LABOR FORCE LABOR MARKET LABOR SUPPLY LAGGED VALUES LAND PRICES LAND PRODUCTIVITY LAND REFORM LAND SUPPLY LANDLESS HOUSEHOLDS LEVEL OF POVERTY MARGINAL RETURNS MEAN VALUE MIGRANT MIGRATION FLOWS MONETARY ECONOMICS NATIONAL COUNCIL NATIONAL LEVELS NATURAL RESOURCES NEGATIVE EFFECT NUMBER OF MIGRANTS NUMBER OF PEOPLE NUTRITION PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE POLICY DISCUSSIONS POLICY IMPLICATIONS POLICY RESEARCH POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER POLITICAL ECONOMY POOR PEOPLE POOR POPULATION POORER PEOPLE POPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT POPULATION DATA POPULATION DECREASES POPULATION DENSITY POPULATION DYNAMICS POPULATION VARIABLE POPULATION VARIABLES POVERTY CHANGE POVERTY DATA POVERTY DECLINE POVERTY DYNAMICS POVERTY ESTIMATES POVERTY GAP POVERTY GAP INDEX POVERTY IMPACT POVERTY INCIDENCE POVERTY LEVELS POVERTY LINE POVERTY LINES POVERTY MEASURE POVERTY PROFILE POVERTY RATES POVERTY REDUCING POVERTY REDUCTION POVERTY REDUCTION IMPACT PRODUCTION VOLUMES PROGRESS PUBLIC INVESTMENT PUBLIC POLICIES PULL FACTORS PUSH FACTOR PUSH FACTORS RATE OF GROWTH REDUCTION IN POVERTY REGIONAL IMPACTS REGIONAL PERSPECTIVE RELATIVE CONTRIBUTION RELATIVE IMPORTANCE REMITTANCE REMITTANCES RESOURCE CONSTRAINTS RESPECT RISK FACTORS RURAL RURAL AREA RURAL AREAS RURAL BANK RURAL BANKS RURAL CONSUMER RURAL CONSUMERS RURAL DEVELOPMENT RURAL DISTRICT RURAL ECONOMY RURAL EMPLOYMENT RURAL HOUSEHOLDS RURAL LABOR RURAL LINKAGE RURAL LINKAGES RURAL MIGRANTS RURAL MIGRATION RURAL PEOPLE RURAL POLICY RURAL POOR RURAL POPULATION RURAL POVERTY RURAL POVERTY LINE RURAL POVERTY RATE RURAL POVERTY REDUCTION RURAL ROADS RURAL SCHOOLING RURAL SECTOR RURAL VILLAGES RURAL WAGES RURAL WELFARE RURAL WORKERS SELF-EMPLOYMENT SERIAL CORRELATION SIGNIFICANT EFFECT SMALL VILLAGES SOCIAL SCIENCE SPATIAL SCALE SPILLOVER STRUCTURAL TRANSFORMATION TRADABLE SECTORS TRADE LIBERALIZATION UNEQUAL DISTRIBUTION URBAN AREAS URBAN DWELLERS URBAN GROWTH URBAN MIGRATION URBAN POOR URBAN POPULATION URBAN POPULATION DISTRIBUTION URBAN POPULATION GROWTH URBAN POPULATIONS URBAN POVERTY URBAN WORKERS URBANIZATION WATER SOURCES WELFARE IMPACT WORKFORCE WORKING POPULATION WORLD POPULATION YOUNG ADULT YOUNG ADULTS Calì, Massimiliano Menon, Carlo Does Urbanization Affect Rural Poverty? Evidence from Indian Districts |
| geographic_facet |
South Asia India |
| relation |
Policy Research Working Paper; No. 6338 |
| description |
Although a high rate of urbanization and
a high incidence of rural poverty are two distinct features
of many developing countries, there is little knowledge of
the effects of the former on the latter. Using a large
sample of Indian districts from the 1983-1999 period, the
authors find that urbanization has a substantial and
systematic poverty-reducing effect in the surrounding rural
areas. The results obtained through an instrumental variable
estimation suggest that this effect is causal in nature and
is largely attributable to the positive spillovers of
urbanization on the rural economy rather than to the
movement of the rural poor to urban areas. This rural
poverty-reducing effect of urbanization is primarily
explained by increased demand for local agricultural
products and, to a lesser extent, by urban-rural
remittances, the rural land/population ratio, and rural
nonfarm employment. |
| format |
Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper |
| author |
Calì, Massimiliano Menon, Carlo |
| author_facet |
Calì, Massimiliano Menon, Carlo |
| author_sort |
Calì, Massimiliano |
| title |
Does Urbanization Affect Rural Poverty? Evidence from Indian Districts |
| title_short |
Does Urbanization Affect Rural Poverty? Evidence from Indian Districts |
| title_full |
Does Urbanization Affect Rural Poverty? Evidence from Indian Districts |
| title_fullStr |
Does Urbanization Affect Rural Poverty? Evidence from Indian Districts |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Does Urbanization Affect Rural Poverty? Evidence from Indian Districts |
| title_sort |
does urbanization affect rural poverty? evidence from indian districts |
| publisher |
World Bank, Washington, DC |
| publishDate |
2013 |
| url |
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2013/01/17197617/urbanization-affect-rural-poverty-evidence-indian-districts http://hdl.handle.net/10986/12162 |
| _version_ |
1764422259271794688 |
| spelling |
okr-10986-121622021-04-23T14:03:06Z Does Urbanization Affect Rural Poverty? Evidence from Indian Districts Calì, Massimiliano Menon, Carlo ACCESS TO MARKETS ADULT POPULATION AGRICULTURAL EMPLOYMENT AGRICULTURAL LABORERS AGRICULTURAL LAND AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS AGRICULTURAL TRADE AGRICULTURAL WAGES AGRICULTURAL WORKERS ARID TROPICS CAPACITY BUILDING CHILD LABOR CHRONIC POVERTY COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE CONSUMER PRICES CONSUMPTION DATA COVARIANCE MATRIX CREDIT MARKETS CROP PRODUCTION CULTURAL CHANGE DAILY WAGE DEMAND FOR FOOD DEPENDENT VARIABLE DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS DEVELOPED COUNTRIES DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPING COUNTRY DEVELOPING REGIONS DEVELOPING WORLD DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DEVELOPMENT POLICIES DEVELOPMENT POLICY DEVELOPMENT REPORT DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION DIVERSIFICATION ECONOMETRIC MODELS ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ECONOMIC CHANGES ECONOMIC CONDITIONS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE ECONOMIC POLICY ECONOMIC REFORMS EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE EMPIRICAL SECTION ESTIMATION METHOD EXPLANATORY VARIABLES FARM EMPLOYMENT FARMERS FIXED EFFECTS FIXED EFFECTS ESTIMATION FOOD PRODUCTS FUTURE POPULATION GLOBAL POVERTY GROWTH RATE HEADCOUNT RATIO HIGH GROWTH HOUSEHOLD COMPOSITION HOUSEHOLD SURVEY IMMIGRANT IMMIGRANTS IMMIGRATION IMPLICATIONS FOR DEVELOPMENT IMPORTANT POLICY INCIDENCE OF POVERTY INCOME INCOME INEQUALITY INDEPENDENT VARIABLE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION INDUSTRIALIZATION INSURANCE INTERNAL MIGRANTS INTERNATIONAL TRADE LABOR FORCE LABOR MARKET LABOR SUPPLY LAGGED VALUES LAND PRICES LAND PRODUCTIVITY LAND REFORM LAND SUPPLY LANDLESS HOUSEHOLDS LEVEL OF POVERTY MARGINAL RETURNS MEAN VALUE MIGRANT MIGRATION FLOWS MONETARY ECONOMICS NATIONAL COUNCIL NATIONAL LEVELS NATURAL RESOURCES NEGATIVE EFFECT NUMBER OF MIGRANTS NUMBER OF PEOPLE NUTRITION PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE POLICY DISCUSSIONS POLICY IMPLICATIONS POLICY RESEARCH POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER POLITICAL ECONOMY POOR PEOPLE POOR POPULATION POORER PEOPLE POPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT POPULATION DATA POPULATION DECREASES POPULATION DENSITY POPULATION DYNAMICS POPULATION VARIABLE POPULATION VARIABLES POVERTY CHANGE POVERTY DATA POVERTY DECLINE POVERTY DYNAMICS POVERTY ESTIMATES POVERTY GAP POVERTY GAP INDEX POVERTY IMPACT POVERTY INCIDENCE POVERTY LEVELS POVERTY LINE POVERTY LINES POVERTY MEASURE POVERTY PROFILE POVERTY RATES POVERTY REDUCING POVERTY REDUCTION POVERTY REDUCTION IMPACT PRODUCTION VOLUMES PROGRESS PUBLIC INVESTMENT PUBLIC POLICIES PULL FACTORS PUSH FACTOR PUSH FACTORS RATE OF GROWTH REDUCTION IN POVERTY REGIONAL IMPACTS REGIONAL PERSPECTIVE RELATIVE CONTRIBUTION RELATIVE IMPORTANCE REMITTANCE REMITTANCES RESOURCE CONSTRAINTS RESPECT RISK FACTORS RURAL RURAL AREA RURAL AREAS RURAL BANK RURAL BANKS RURAL CONSUMER RURAL CONSUMERS RURAL DEVELOPMENT RURAL DISTRICT RURAL ECONOMY RURAL EMPLOYMENT RURAL HOUSEHOLDS RURAL LABOR RURAL LINKAGE RURAL LINKAGES RURAL MIGRANTS RURAL MIGRATION RURAL PEOPLE RURAL POLICY RURAL POOR RURAL POPULATION RURAL POVERTY RURAL POVERTY LINE RURAL POVERTY RATE RURAL POVERTY REDUCTION RURAL ROADS RURAL SCHOOLING RURAL SECTOR RURAL VILLAGES RURAL WAGES RURAL WELFARE RURAL WORKERS SELF-EMPLOYMENT SERIAL CORRELATION SIGNIFICANT EFFECT SMALL VILLAGES SOCIAL SCIENCE SPATIAL SCALE SPILLOVER STRUCTURAL TRANSFORMATION TRADABLE SECTORS TRADE LIBERALIZATION UNEQUAL DISTRIBUTION URBAN AREAS URBAN DWELLERS URBAN GROWTH URBAN MIGRATION URBAN POOR URBAN POPULATION URBAN POPULATION DISTRIBUTION URBAN POPULATION GROWTH URBAN POPULATIONS URBAN POVERTY URBAN WORKERS URBANIZATION WATER SOURCES WELFARE IMPACT WORKFORCE WORKING POPULATION WORLD POPULATION YOUNG ADULT YOUNG ADULTS Although a high rate of urbanization and a high incidence of rural poverty are two distinct features of many developing countries, there is little knowledge of the effects of the former on the latter. Using a large sample of Indian districts from the 1983-1999 period, the authors find that urbanization has a substantial and systematic poverty-reducing effect in the surrounding rural areas. The results obtained through an instrumental variable estimation suggest that this effect is causal in nature and is largely attributable to the positive spillovers of urbanization on the rural economy rather than to the movement of the rural poor to urban areas. This rural poverty-reducing effect of urbanization is primarily explained by increased demand for local agricultural products and, to a lesser extent, by urban-rural remittances, the rural land/population ratio, and rural nonfarm employment. 2013-01-25T22:31:42Z 2013-01-25T22:31:42Z 2013-01 http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2013/01/17197617/urbanization-affect-rural-poverty-evidence-indian-districts http://hdl.handle.net/10986/12162 English en_US Policy Research Working Paper; No. 6338 CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/ World Bank World Bank, Washington, DC Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper Publications & Research South Asia India |