Distortions to Agriculture and Economic Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa

To what extent has Sub-Saharan Africa's slow economic growth over the past five decades been due to price and trade policies that discouraged production of agricultural relative to non-agricultural tradables? This paper uses a new set of...

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Main Authors:	Anderson, Kym, Brückner, Markus
Format:	Policy Research Working Paper
Language:	English en_US
Published:	World Bank, Washington, DC 2013
Subjects:	ABSOLUTE TERMS ABSOLUTE VALUE ADJUSTMENT COSTS AGRICULTURAL GROWTH AGRICULTURAL OUTPUT AGRICULTURAL PRICE AGRICULTURAL PRICES AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION AGRICULTURAL SECTOR AGRICULTURAL TRADE AGRICULTURE AVERAGE INCOME AVERAGE INCOMES AVERAGE SHARE BIDDING BOND BUSINESS CYCLE CAPITAL ACCUMULATION CAPITAL STOCK CIVIL WAR COMMODITIES COMMODITY COMMODITY EXPORT COMMODITY EXPORTS COMMODITY PRICE COMMODITY PRICES CONSUMERS CONSUMPTION GROWTH COUNTRY CASE COUNTRY FIXED EFFECTS COUNTRY LEVEL COUNTRY SPECIFIC CROSS-COUNTRY DIFFERENCES DATA MODEL DATA SET DEPENDENT VARIABLE DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPING COUNTRY DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS DEVELOPMENT POLICY DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH DOWNWARD BIAS DYNAMIC PANEL ECONOMETRIC MODEL ECONOMETRIC MODELS ECONOMETRICS ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC POLICY ECONOMIC REFORM ECONOMIC REVIEW ECONOMICS LITERATURE EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE EMPIRICAL LITERATURE EMPIRICAL RESULTS EMPIRICAL SUPPORT ERROR TERM ESTIMATED COEFFICIENT ESTIMATED COEFFICIENTS ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES EXCHANGE RATE EXOGENOUS CHANGES EXPENDITURE EXPLANATORY VARIABLE EXPORT TAXES EXPORTS EXTERNALITIES FINANCIAL SUPPORT FIXED CAPITAL FIXED EFFECTS FIXED EFFECTS ESTIMATION FOREIGN EXCHANGE FREE MARKET FUNCTIONAL FORM GDP PER CAPITA GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM ANALYSIS GLOBALIZATION GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURES GROWTH DATA GROWTH DYNAMICS GROWTH EFFECT GROWTH LITERATURE GROWTH PERFORMANCE GROWTH RATE GROWTH RATES GROWTH REGRESSIONS IMPERFECT COMPETITION IMPORT TARIFFS INDUSTRIALIZATION INEQUALITY INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS INTERNATIONAL MARKET INTERNATIONAL TRADE LABOR FORCE LONG-RUN GROWTH MACROECONOMICS MARGINAL EFFECT MARKET EQUILIBRIUM MINIMUM LEVEL NATURAL RESOURCE NEGATIVE COEFFICIENT NEGATIVE EFFECT NEGATIVE GROWTH 0 HYPOTHESIS OUTPUT GROWTH OVERVALUED EXCHANGE OVERVALUED EXCHANGE RATES PANEL REGRESSIONS PER CAPITA GROWTH PER CAPITA GROWTH RATE POLICY DISCUSSIONS POLICY REFORM POLICY RESEARCH POLITICAL ECONOMY POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS POLITICAL REGIME POSITIVE COEFFICIENT POSITIVE EFFECT POSITIVE GROWTH POVERTY REDUCTION PRICE DISTORTIONS PRICE INDEX PRICE INDICES PRICE POLICIES PRIMARY PRODUCTS PRIVATE CONSUMPTION PRODUCER PRICES PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH REAL GDP REAL INCOME RELATIVE CONTRIBUTIONS RELATIVE PRICES SERIAL CORRELATION SERIES DATA SHORT-RUN GROWTH SIGNIFICANCE LEVEL SIGNIFICANT EFFECT SIGNIFICANT IMPACT SIGNIFICANT NEGATIVE SIGNIFICANT REDUCTIONS STANDARD DEVIATION STRUCTURAL CHANGE SUPPLY CHAIN TAX TAXATION TRADABLE SECTORS TRADE LIBERALIZATION TRADE OPENNESS TRADE POLICIES TRADE POLICY TRADE TAXES UNDISTORTED PRICES UNEMPLOYMENT URBANIZATION VALUE ADDED WORLD DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS WORLD ECONOMY WORLD TRADE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION WTO
Online Access:	http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2012/09/16762995/distortions-agriculture-economic-growth-sub-saharan-africa http://hdl.handle.net/10986/12059

id	okr-10986-12059
recordtype	oai_dc
repository_type	Digital Repository
institution_category	Foreign Institution
institution	Digital Repositories
building	World Bank Open Knowledge Repository
collection	World Bank
language	English en_US
topic	ABSOLUTE TERMS ABSOLUTE VALUE ADJUSTMENT COSTS AGRICULTURAL GROWTH AGRICULTURAL OUTPUT AGRICULTURAL PRICE AGRICULTURAL PRICES AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION AGRICULTURAL SECTOR AGRICULTURAL TRADE AGRICULTURE AVERAGE INCOME AVERAGE INCOMES AVERAGE SHARE BIDDING BOND BUSINESS CYCLE CAPITAL ACCUMULATION CAPITAL STOCK CIVIL WAR COMMODITIES COMMODITY COMMODITY EXPORT COMMODITY EXPORTS COMMODITY PRICE COMMODITY PRICES CONSUMERS CONSUMPTION GROWTH COUNTRY CASE COUNTRY FIXED EFFECTS COUNTRY LEVEL COUNTRY SPECIFIC CROSS-COUNTRY DIFFERENCES DATA MODEL DATA SET DEPENDENT VARIABLE DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPING COUNTRY DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS DEVELOPMENT POLICY DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH DOWNWARD BIAS DYNAMIC PANEL ECONOMETRIC MODEL ECONOMETRIC MODELS ECONOMETRICS ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC POLICY ECONOMIC REFORM ECONOMIC REVIEW ECONOMICS LITERATURE EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE EMPIRICAL LITERATURE EMPIRICAL RESULTS EMPIRICAL SUPPORT ERROR TERM ESTIMATED COEFFICIENT ESTIMATED COEFFICIENTS ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES EXCHANGE RATE EXOGENOUS CHANGES EXPENDITURE EXPLANATORY VARIABLE EXPORT TAXES EXPORTS EXTERNALITIES FINANCIAL SUPPORT FIXED CAPITAL FIXED EFFECTS FIXED EFFECTS ESTIMATION FOREIGN EXCHANGE FREE MARKET FUNCTIONAL FORM GDP PER CAPITA GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM ANALYSIS GLOBALIZATION GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURES GROWTH DATA GROWTH DYNAMICS GROWTH EFFECT GROWTH LITERATURE GROWTH PERFORMANCE GROWTH RATE GROWTH RATES GROWTH REGRESSIONS IMPERFECT COMPETITION IMPORT TARIFFS INDUSTRIALIZATION INEQUALITY INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS INTERNATIONAL MARKET INTERNATIONAL TRADE LABOR FORCE LONG-RUN GROWTH MACROECONOMICS MARGINAL EFFECT MARKET EQUILIBRIUM MINIMUM LEVEL NATURAL RESOURCE NEGATIVE COEFFICIENT NEGATIVE EFFECT NEGATIVE GROWTH 0 HYPOTHESIS OUTPUT GROWTH OVERVALUED EXCHANGE OVERVALUED EXCHANGE RATES PANEL REGRESSIONS PER CAPITA GROWTH PER CAPITA GROWTH RATE POLICY DISCUSSIONS POLICY REFORM POLICY RESEARCH POLITICAL ECONOMY POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS POLITICAL REGIME POSITIVE COEFFICIENT POSITIVE EFFECT POSITIVE GROWTH POVERTY REDUCTION PRICE DISTORTIONS PRICE INDEX PRICE INDICES PRICE POLICIES PRIMARY PRODUCTS PRIVATE CONSUMPTION PRODUCER PRICES PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH REAL GDP REAL INCOME RELATIVE CONTRIBUTIONS RELATIVE PRICES SERIAL CORRELATION SERIES DATA SHORT-RUN GROWTH SIGNIFICANCE LEVEL SIGNIFICANT EFFECT SIGNIFICANT IMPACT SIGNIFICANT NEGATIVE SIGNIFICANT REDUCTIONS STANDARD DEVIATION STRUCTURAL CHANGE SUPPLY CHAIN TAX TAXATION TRADABLE SECTORS TRADE LIBERALIZATION TRADE OPENNESS TRADE POLICIES TRADE POLICY TRADE TAXES UNDISTORTED PRICES UNEMPLOYMENT URBANIZATION VALUE ADDED WORLD DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS WORLD ECONOMY WORLD TRADE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION WTO
spellingShingle	ABSOLUTE TERMS ABSOLUTE VALUE ADJUSTMENT COSTS AGRICULTURAL GROWTH AGRICULTURAL OUTPUT AGRICULTURAL PRICE AGRICULTURAL PRICES AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION AGRICULTURAL SECTOR AGRICULTURAL TRADE AGRICULTURE AVERAGE INCOME AVERAGE INCOMES AVERAGE SHARE BIDDING BOND BUSINESS CYCLE CAPITAL ACCUMULATION CAPITAL STOCK CIVIL WAR COMMODITIES COMMODITY COMMODITY EXPORT COMMODITY EXPORTS COMMODITY PRICE COMMODITY PRICES CONSUMERS CONSUMPTION GROWTH COUNTRY CASE COUNTRY FIXED EFFECTS COUNTRY LEVEL COUNTRY SPECIFIC CROSS-COUNTRY DIFFERENCES DATA MODEL DATA SET DEPENDENT VARIABLE DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPING COUNTRY DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS DEVELOPMENT POLICY DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH DOWNWARD BIAS DYNAMIC PANEL ECONOMETRIC MODEL ECONOMETRIC MODELS ECONOMETRICS ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC POLICY ECONOMIC REFORM ECONOMIC REVIEW ECONOMICS LITERATURE EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE EMPIRICAL LITERATURE EMPIRICAL RESULTS EMPIRICAL SUPPORT ERROR TERM ESTIMATED COEFFICIENT ESTIMATED COEFFICIENTS ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES EXCHANGE RATE EXOGENOUS CHANGES EXPENDITURE EXPLANATORY VARIABLE EXPORT TAXES EXPORTS EXTERNALITIES FINANCIAL SUPPORT FIXED CAPITAL FIXED EFFECTS FIXED EFFECTS ESTIMATION FOREIGN EXCHANGE FREE MARKET FUNCTIONAL FORM GDP PER CAPITA GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM ANALYSIS GLOBALIZATION GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURES GROWTH DATA GROWTH DYNAMICS GROWTH EFFECT GROWTH LITERATURE GROWTH PERFORMANCE GROWTH RATE GROWTH RATES GROWTH REGRESSIONS IMPERFECT COMPETITION IMPORT TARIFFS INDUSTRIALIZATION INEQUALITY INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS INTERNATIONAL MARKET INTERNATIONAL TRADE LABOR FORCE LONG-RUN GROWTH MACROECONOMICS MARGINAL EFFECT MARKET EQUILIBRIUM MINIMUM LEVEL NATURAL RESOURCE NEGATIVE COEFFICIENT NEGATIVE EFFECT NEGATIVE GROWTH 0 HYPOTHESIS OUTPUT GROWTH OVERVALUED EXCHANGE OVERVALUED EXCHANGE RATES PANEL REGRESSIONS PER CAPITA GROWTH PER CAPITA GROWTH RATE POLICY DISCUSSIONS POLICY REFORM POLICY RESEARCH POLITICAL ECONOMY POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS POLITICAL REGIME POSITIVE COEFFICIENT POSITIVE EFFECT POSITIVE GROWTH POVERTY REDUCTION PRICE DISTORTIONS PRICE INDEX PRICE INDICES PRICE POLICIES PRIMARY PRODUCTS PRIVATE CONSUMPTION PRODUCER PRICES PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH REAL GDP REAL INCOME RELATIVE CONTRIBUTIONS RELATIVE PRICES SERIAL CORRELATION SERIES DATA SHORT-RUN GROWTH SIGNIFICANCE LEVEL SIGNIFICANT EFFECT SIGNIFICANT IMPACT SIGNIFICANT NEGATIVE SIGNIFICANT REDUCTIONS STANDARD DEVIATION STRUCTURAL CHANGE SUPPLY CHAIN TAX TAXATION TRADABLE SECTORS TRADE LIBERALIZATION TRADE OPENNESS TRADE POLICIES TRADE POLICY TRADE TAXES UNDISTORTED PRICES UNEMPLOYMENT URBANIZATION VALUE ADDED WORLD DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS WORLD ECONOMY WORLD TRADE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION WTO Anderson, Kym Brückner, Markus Distortions to Agriculture and Economic Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa
geographic_facet	Africa
relation	Policy Research Working Paper; No. 6206
description	To what extent has Sub-Saharan Africa's slow economic growth over the past five decades been due to price and trade policies that discouraged production of agricultural relative to non-agricultural tradables? This paper uses a new set of estimates of policy induced distortions to relative agricultural prices to address this question econometrically. First, the authors test if these policy distortions respond to economic growth, using rainfall and international commodity price shocks as instrumental variables. They find that on impact there is no significant response of relative agricultural price distortions to changes in real GDP per capita growth. Then, the authors test the reverse proposition and find a statistically significant and sizable negative effect of relative agricultural price distortions on the growth rate of Sub-Saharan African countries. The fixed effects estimates yield that, during the 1960-2005 period, a ten percentage points increase in distortions to relative agricultural prices decreased the region's real GDP per capita growth rate by about half a percentage point per annum.
format	Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper
author	Anderson, Kym Brückner, Markus
author_facet	Anderson, Kym Brückner, Markus
author_sort	Anderson, Kym
title	Distortions to Agriculture and Economic Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa
title_short	Distortions to Agriculture and Economic Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa
title_full	Distortions to Agriculture and Economic Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa
title_fullStr	Distortions to Agriculture and Economic Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa
title_full_unstemmed	Distortions to Agriculture and Economic Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa
title_sort	distortions to agriculture and economic growth in sub-saharan africa
publisher	World Bank, Washington, DC
publishDate	2013
url	http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2012/09/16762995/distortions-agriculture-economic-growth-sub-saharan-africa http://hdl.handle.net/10986/12059
_version_	1764418841430982656
spelling	okr-10986-120592021-04-23T14:02:59Z Distortions to Agriculture and Economic Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa Anderson, Kym Brückner, Markus ABSOLUTE TERMS ABSOLUTE VALUE ADJUSTMENT COSTS AGRICULTURAL GROWTH AGRICULTURAL OUTPUT AGRICULTURAL PRICE AGRICULTURAL PRICES AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION AGRICULTURAL SECTOR AGRICULTURAL TRADE AGRICULTURE AVERAGE INCOME AVERAGE INCOMES AVERAGE SHARE BIDDING BOND BUSINESS CYCLE CAPITAL ACCUMULATION CAPITAL STOCK CIVIL WAR COMMODITIES COMMODITY COMMODITY EXPORT COMMODITY EXPORTS COMMODITY PRICE COMMODITY PRICES CONSUMERS CONSUMPTION GROWTH COUNTRY CASE COUNTRY FIXED EFFECTS COUNTRY LEVEL COUNTRY SPECIFIC CROSS-COUNTRY DIFFERENCES DATA MODEL DATA SET DEPENDENT VARIABLE DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPING COUNTRY DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS DEVELOPMENT POLICY DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH DOWNWARD BIAS DYNAMIC PANEL ECONOMETRIC MODEL ECONOMETRIC MODELS ECONOMETRICS ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC POLICY ECONOMIC REFORM ECONOMIC REVIEW ECONOMICS LITERATURE EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE EMPIRICAL LITERATURE EMPIRICAL RESULTS EMPIRICAL SUPPORT ERROR TERM ESTIMATED COEFFICIENT ESTIMATED COEFFICIENTS ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES EXCHANGE RATE EXOGENOUS CHANGES EXPENDITURE EXPLANATORY VARIABLE EXPORT TAXES EXPORTS EXTERNALITIES FINANCIAL SUPPORT FIXED CAPITAL FIXED EFFECTS FIXED EFFECTS ESTIMATION FOREIGN EXCHANGE FREE MARKET FUNCTIONAL FORM GDP PER CAPITA GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM ANALYSIS GLOBALIZATION GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURES GROWTH DATA GROWTH DYNAMICS GROWTH EFFECT GROWTH LITERATURE GROWTH PERFORMANCE GROWTH RATE GROWTH RATES GROWTH REGRESSIONS IMPERFECT COMPETITION IMPORT TARIFFS INDUSTRIALIZATION INEQUALITY INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS INTERNATIONAL MARKET INTERNATIONAL TRADE LABOR FORCE LONG-RUN GROWTH MACROECONOMICS MARGINAL EFFECT MARKET EQUILIBRIUM MINIMUM LEVEL NATURAL RESOURCE NEGATIVE COEFFICIENT NEGATIVE EFFECT NEGATIVE GROWTH 0 HYPOTHESIS OUTPUT GROWTH OVERVALUED EXCHANGE OVERVALUED EXCHANGE RATES PANEL REGRESSIONS PER CAPITA GROWTH PER CAPITA GROWTH RATE POLICY DISCUSSIONS POLICY REFORM POLICY RESEARCH POLITICAL ECONOMY POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS POLITICAL REGIME POSITIVE COEFFICIENT POSITIVE EFFECT POSITIVE GROWTH POVERTY REDUCTION PRICE DISTORTIONS PRICE INDEX PRICE INDICES PRICE POLICIES PRIMARY PRODUCTS PRIVATE CONSUMPTION PRODUCER PRICES PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH REAL GDP REAL INCOME RELATIVE CONTRIBUTIONS RELATIVE PRICES SERIAL CORRELATION SERIES DATA SHORT-RUN GROWTH SIGNIFICANCE LEVEL SIGNIFICANT EFFECT SIGNIFICANT IMPACT SIGNIFICANT NEGATIVE SIGNIFICANT REDUCTIONS STANDARD DEVIATION STRUCTURAL CHANGE SUPPLY CHAIN TAX TAXATION TRADABLE SECTORS TRADE LIBERALIZATION TRADE OPENNESS TRADE POLICIES TRADE POLICY TRADE TAXES UNDISTORTED PRICES UNEMPLOYMENT URBANIZATION VALUE ADDED WORLD DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS WORLD ECONOMY WORLD TRADE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION WTO To what extent has Sub-Saharan Africa's slow economic growth over the past five decades been due to price and trade policies that discouraged production of agricultural relative to non-agricultural tradables? This paper uses a new set of estimates of policy induced distortions to relative agricultural prices to address this question econometrically. First, the authors test if these policy distortions respond to economic growth, using rainfall and international commodity price shocks as instrumental variables. They find that on impact there is no significant response of relative agricultural price distortions to changes in real GDP per capita growth. Then, the authors test the reverse proposition and find a statistically significant and sizable negative effect of relative agricultural price distortions on the growth rate of Sub-Saharan African countries. The fixed effects estimates yield that, during the 1960-2005 period, a ten percentage points increase in distortions to relative agricultural prices decreased the region's real GDP per capita growth rate by about half a percentage point per annum. 2013-01-02T22:42:54Z 2013-01-02T22:42:54Z 2012-09 http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2012/09/16762995/distortions-agriculture-economic-growth-sub-saharan-africa http://hdl.handle.net/10986/12059 English en_US Policy Research Working Paper; No. 6206 CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/ World Bank World Bank, Washington, DC Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper Publications & Research Africa

Distortions to Agriculture and Economic Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa

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