Carrier-free enzyme immobilization by cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEA) technology

Biocatalyst in the form of enzymes is widely used in diverse applications. Unfortunately, free enzymes are quite unstable and may undergo denaturation even under mild conditions, thus hampering their usefulness, and this may lead to higher cost in enzyme based applications. A credible solution is to...

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Main Authors:	Yusof, Faridah, Khanahmadi, Soofia
Other Authors:	Amid, Azura
Format:	Book Chapter
Language:	English English
Published:	Springer Nature 2018
Subjects:	TP200 Manufacture and use of chemicals TP248.13 Biotechnology
Online Access:	http://irep.iium.edu.my/70275/ http://irep.iium.edu.my/70275/ http://irep.iium.edu.my/70275/1/70275_Carrier-free%20enzyme%20immobilization.pdf http://irep.iium.edu.my/70275/7/70275_Carrier-free%20enzyme%20immobilization_Scopus.pdf

id	iium-70275
recordtype	eprints
spelling	iium-702752020-03-05T08:51:02Z http://irep.iium.edu.my/70275/ Carrier-free enzyme immobilization by cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEA) technology Yusof, Faridah Khanahmadi, Soofia TP200 Manufacture and use of chemicals TP248.13 Biotechnology Biocatalyst in the form of enzymes is widely used in diverse applications. Unfortunately, free enzymes are quite unstable and may undergo denaturation even under mild conditions, thus hampering their usefulness, and this may lead to higher cost in enzyme based applications. A credible solution is to immobilize the enzymes prior to usages. This procedure was proven to improve the performances in term of stability, activity and selectivity of the enzymes. In addition, separation of product from the used enzyme was made easier and enzyme recyclability was possible. However, carrier-supported enzyme immobilization suffers from many disadvantages, such as large amounts of non-catalytic mass and expensive carrier beads. Thus, to overcome this problem, cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEA) has been since widely researched. It involves simple procedure and has many benefits; for example, this procedure does not need purified enzyme. The technique involves an initial precipitation of enzymes using, either organic solvents, salts, non-ionic polymers or acids to obtain aggregates. It is then followed by cross-linking the aggregates by polyfunctional reagents, such as glutaryldehyde, whereby the enzyme molecules react among themselves, leading to the formation of ‘solid biocatalyst’. This chapter aims at deliberating the CLEA technique for enzyme immobilization. Lipase extracted from cocoa pod husk (CPH), an agricultural waste product, has been chosen as the model enzyme, and upon immobilization, the biocatalyst is termed as CLEA-lipase. The production of CLEA-lipase was carried out under an optimum condition and this was followed by experimental comparison with the free-form, on the temperature and pH optima and stabilities. Additionally, recyclability of CLEA-lipase was also studied. Finally, the morphology of the solid biocatalyst, which has bearings towards its activity, was examined by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM). Springer Nature Amid, Azura Sulaiman, Sarina Jimat, Dzun Noraini Mohamed Azmin, Nor Fadhillah 2018 Book Chapter PeerReviewed application/pdf en http://irep.iium.edu.my/70275/1/70275_Carrier-free%20enzyme%20immobilization.pdf application/pdf en http://irep.iium.edu.my/70275/7/70275_Carrier-free%20enzyme%20immobilization_Scopus.pdf Yusof, Faridah and Khanahmadi, Soofia (2018) Carrier-free enzyme immobilization by cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEA) technology. In: Multifaceted protocol in biotechnology. Springer Nature, Singapore, pp. 93-108. ISBN 978-981-13-2256-3 https://www.springer.com/us/book/9789811322563
repository_type	Digital Repository
institution_category	Local University
institution	International Islamic University Malaysia
building	IIUM Repository
collection	Online Access
language	English English
topic	TP200 Manufacture and use of chemicals TP248.13 Biotechnology
spellingShingle	TP200 Manufacture and use of chemicals TP248.13 Biotechnology Yusof, Faridah Khanahmadi, Soofia Carrier-free enzyme immobilization by cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEA) technology
description	Biocatalyst in the form of enzymes is widely used in diverse applications. Unfortunately, free enzymes are quite unstable and may undergo denaturation even under mild conditions, thus hampering their usefulness, and this may lead to higher cost in enzyme based applications. A credible solution is to immobilize the enzymes prior to usages. This procedure was proven to improve the performances in term of stability, activity and selectivity of the enzymes. In addition, separation of product from the used enzyme was made easier and enzyme recyclability was possible. However, carrier-supported enzyme immobilization suffers from many disadvantages, such as large amounts of non-catalytic mass and expensive carrier beads. Thus, to overcome this problem, cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEA) has been since widely researched. It involves simple procedure and has many benefits; for example, this procedure does not need purified enzyme. The technique involves an initial precipitation of enzymes using, either organic solvents, salts, non-ionic polymers or acids to obtain aggregates. It is then followed by cross-linking the aggregates by polyfunctional reagents, such as glutaryldehyde, whereby the enzyme molecules react among themselves, leading to the formation of ‘solid biocatalyst’. This chapter aims at deliberating the CLEA technique for enzyme immobilization. Lipase extracted from cocoa pod husk (CPH), an agricultural waste product, has been chosen as the model enzyme, and upon immobilization, the biocatalyst is termed as CLEA-lipase. The production of CLEA-lipase was carried out under an optimum condition and this was followed by experimental comparison with the free-form, on the temperature and pH optima and stabilities. Additionally, recyclability of CLEA-lipase was also studied. Finally, the morphology of the solid biocatalyst, which has bearings towards its activity, was examined by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM).
author2	Amid, Azura
author_facet	Amid, Azura Yusof, Faridah Khanahmadi, Soofia
format	Book Chapter
author	Yusof, Faridah Khanahmadi, Soofia
author_sort	Yusof, Faridah
title	Carrier-free enzyme immobilization by cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEA) technology
title_short	Carrier-free enzyme immobilization by cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEA) technology
title_full	Carrier-free enzyme immobilization by cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEA) technology
title_fullStr	Carrier-free enzyme immobilization by cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEA) technology
title_full_unstemmed	Carrier-free enzyme immobilization by cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEA) technology
title_sort	carrier-free enzyme immobilization by cross-linked enzyme aggregates (clea) technology
publisher	Springer Nature
publishDate	2018
url	http://irep.iium.edu.my/70275/ http://irep.iium.edu.my/70275/ http://irep.iium.edu.my/70275/1/70275_Carrier-free%20enzyme%20immobilization.pdf http://irep.iium.edu.my/70275/7/70275_Carrier-free%20enzyme%20immobilization_Scopus.pdf
first_indexed	2023-09-18T21:39:46Z
last_indexed	2023-09-18T21:39:46Z
_version_	1777413062031048704

Carrier-free enzyme immobilization by cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEA) technology

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